Test 3 раздел 2 чтение. Разбираем ЕГЭ по английскому языку: раздел «Чтение

Демо вариант 2011 год по английскому языку. Раздел 2 (Чтение)

Здесь вы можете найти демо вариант 2011 год по английскому языку. Раздел 2 (Чтение).

B2 Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8 и текстами A–G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. First computers
2. Risky sport
3. Shopping in comfort
4. Difficult task
5. Professional sport
6. Shopping from home
7. New users
8. Digging for the past

A. A group of university students from Brazil have been given the job of discovering and locating all the waterfalls in their country. It is not easy because very often the maps are not detailed. The students have to remain in water for long periods of time. Every day they cover a distance of 35 to 40 kilometers through the jungle, each carrying 40 kilos of equipment.

B. For many years now, mail-order shopping has served the needs of a certain kind of customers. Everything they order from a catalogue is delivered to their door. Now, though, e-mail shopping on the Internet has opened up even more opportunities for this kind of shopping.

C. Another generation of computer fans has arrived. They are neither spotty schoolchildren nor intellectual professors, but pensioners who are learning computing with much enthusiasm. It is particularly interesting for people suffering from arthritis as computers offer a way of writing nice clear letters. Now pensioners have discovered the Internet and at the moment they make up the fastest growing membership.

D. Shopping centres are full of all kinds of stores. They are like small, selfcontained towns where you can find everything you want. In a large centre, shoppers can find everything they need without having to go anywhere else. They can leave their cars in the shopping centre car park and buy everything in a covered complex, protected from the heat, cold or rain.

E. Not many people know that, back in the fifties, computers were very big, and also very slow. They took up complete floors of a building, and were less powerful, and much slower than any of today’s compact portable computers. At first, the data they had to process and record was fed in on punched-out paper; later magnetic tape was used, but both systems were completely inconvenient.

F. Potholing is a dull name for a most interesting and adventurous sport. Deep underground, on the tracks of primitive men and strange animals who have adapted to life without light, finding unusual landscapes and underground lakes, the potholer lives an exciting adventure. You mustn’t forget, though, that it can be quite dangerous. Without the proper equipment you can fall, get injured or lost.

G. Substantial remains of an octagonal Roman bath house, probably reused as a Christian baptistry, have been uncovered during a student training excavation near Faversham in Kent. The central cold plunge pool was five metres across, and stood within a structure which also had underfloor heating and hot pools, probably originally under a domed roof.

B3 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения в таблицу.

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A_______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light.

It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B_______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is
about 350 miles above our planet, C_______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air,
D________ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon.

Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28 100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E_______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F_______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

1. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.
2. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
3. which is invisible to the human eye.
4. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
5. so it has a clear view of space.
6. because many stars are in clouds of gas.
7. but where it is.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания А15–А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

The Slob’s Holiday

My husband and I went to Reno for our holiday last year. “Isn’t that place where people go to get a quickie divorce?” asked my second son? ‘Yes’, I said, trying to look enigmatic and interesting. ‘You are not getting divorced, are you?’ he asked bluntly. ‘No,’ I said, ’we are going to an outdoor pursuit trade fair. The children sighed with relief and slouched away, muttering things like ‘boring’. I call them children, but they are all grown up. My eldest son has started to develop fine lines around his eyes – fledgling crow’s feet. A terrible sight for any parent to see. Anyway, the piece isn’t about children. It’s about holidays.

The first thing to be said about holidays is that anybody who can afford one should be grateful. The second thing is that planning holidays can be hard work. In our household it starts with somebody muttering, ’I suppose we ought to think about a holiday.’ This remark is usually made in July and is received glumly, as if the person making it has said ‘I suppose we ought to think about the Bolivian balance of payment problems.’

Nothing much happens for a week and then the potential holiday-makers are rounded up and made to consult their diaries. Hospital appointments are taken into consideration, as are important things to do with work. But other highlights on the domestic calendar, such as the cat’s birthday, are swept aside and eventually two weeks are found. The next decision is the most painful: where?

We travel abroad to work quite a lot but we return tired and weary, so the holiday we are planning is a slob’s holiday: collapse on a sunbed, read a book until the sun goes down, stagger back to hotel room, shower, change into glad rags, eat well, wave good-bye to teenagers, have a last drink on hotel terrace, go to bed and then lie awake and wait for hotel waiters to bring the teenagers from the disco.

I never want to be guided around another monument, as long as I live. I do not want to be told how many bricks it took to build it. I have a short attention span for such details. I do not want to attend a ‘folk evening’ ever, ever again. The kind where men with their trousers tucked into their socks wave handkerchiefs in the direction of women wearing puffsleeved blouses, long skirts and headscarves.

I also want to live dangerously and get brown. I want my doughy English skin change from white sliced to wheat germ. I like the simple pleasure of removing my watch strap and gazing at the patch of virgin skin beneath.

I don’t want to make new friends – on holidays or in general; I can’t manage the ones I have at home. I do not want to mix with the locals and I have no wish to go into their homes. I do not welcome tourists who come to Leicester into my home. Why should the poor locals in Holidayland be expected to? It’s bad enough that we monopolize their beaches, clog their pavements and spend an hour in a shop choosing a sunhat that costs the equivalent of 75 pence.

So, the slob’s holiday has several essential requirements: a hotel on a sunny beach, good food, a warm sea, nightlife for the teenagers, a big crowd to get lost in, and the absence of mosquitoes.

As I write, we are at the planning stage. We have looked through all the holiday brochures, but they are full of references to ‘hospitable locals’, ‘folk nights’, ‘deserted beaches’, and ‘interesting historical sights’. Not our cup of tea, or glass of sangria, at all.

A15 The parents’ choice of holiday destination made the narrator’s children feel
1) jealous.
2) excited.
3) alarmed.
4) indifferent.

A16 The narrator’s words ‘A terrible sight for any parent to see’ refer to
1) the way children behave.
2) the fact that children are aging.
3) the way children change their image.
4) the fact there is a generation gap.

A17 When the need for holiday planning is first announced in the narrator’ family, it
1) is regarded as an important political issue.
2) is met with enthusiasm by all the family.
3) seems like an impossible task.
4) is openly ignored.

A18 To find a two-week slot for a holiday potential holiday-makers have to
1) negotiate the optimum period for travel.
2) cancel prior business appointments.
3) re-schedule individual summer plans.
4) make a list of the things to be taken into account.

A19 The slob’s holiday is the type of holiday for people, who
1) do not want to go on holiday abroad.
2) go on holiday with teenagers.
3) do not like public life.
4) prefer peaceful relaxing holidays.

A20 When the narrator says ‘I also want to live dangerously’, she means
1) getting lost in the crowd.
2) going sightseeing without a guide.
3) choosing herself the parties to go to.
4) lying long hours in the sun on the beach.

A21 The main reason the narrator doesn’t want to mix up with locals is because she
1) doesn’t let tourists to her house at Leicester.
2) doesn’t want to add to their inconveniencies.
3) is afraid to make friends with local people.
4) values her own privacy above all.

По окончании выполнения заданий В2, В3 и А15–А21 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы на задания В2, В3, А15–А21 располагаются в разных частях бланка.

Данное учебно-методическое пособие предлагает систему упражнений, формирующих ключевые умения, проверяемые в разделе "Чтение" с использованием стратегий, рекомендуемых для выполнения различных типов заданий на основе тренировочных тестов в формате ГИА. В пособие также включены примеры экзаменационных заданий и практические советы, как затратив минимум времени, выполнить задания.

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Технологии подготовки учащихся к сдаче ГИА

По английскому языку.

(Раздел «Чтение»)

I. Введение ………………………………………………………….3

II. Понимание основного содержания…..........................................4

Задание №1

Задание №2

1. Понимание запрашиваемой информации……………………..7

Задание №3

Задание №4

1. Установление структурно-смысловых связей текста.

Восстановление текста………………………………………….10

Задание №5

1. Установление логической последовательности………………11

Задание №6

1. Контрольные тестовые задания………………………………...13

Задание №7

Задание №8

1. Практические советы…………………………………………….15
2. Использованная литература……………………………………..16

ГИА (государственная итоговая аттестация) по английскому языку (в новой форме) предназначена для выпускников IX классов общеобразовательных учреждений и является экзаменом по выбору.

Назначение экзаменационной работы – оценить уровень языковой подготовки по иностранному языку выпускников IX класса общеобразовательных учреждений с целью их государственной (итоговой) аттестации.

Экзамен состоит из двух частей:

первая часть – письменная:

Раздел 1 (задания по аудированию);

Раздел 2 (задания по чтению);

Раздел 3 (задания по грамматике и лексике);

Раздел 4 (задание по письму: написание личного письма);

вторая часть – устная:

Раздел 5 (задания по говорению: тематическое монологическое высказывание и диалог-расспрос).

Более подробно рассмотрим раздел 2 экзаменационной работы – задания по чтению:

Для успешного выполнения заданий раздела «Чтение» учащиеся должны владеть общими умениями восприятия письменных текстов различных жанров и разными видами чтения: понимание общего содержания письменного текста, понимание запрашиваемой информации. Большое значение имеют такие умения как языковая догадка (догадываться о значении незнакомых слов по контексту, по созвучию с родным языком, словообразовательным элементам); игнорирование незнакомых слов, не занимающих в тексте ключевых позиций.

Раздел «Чтение» включает 2 задания разного уровня сложности и разного формата. Необходимо отметить, что в данном разделе используются тексты журнальных статей, брошюр и путеводителей. Важно, чтобы в качестве материала для подготовки привлекались те же жанры и типы аутентичных текстов, которые даются в контрольно-измерительных материалах.

Задание В2 проверяет умение читать текст с пониманием общего содержания прочитанного. Ученику предлагается установить соответствие между 5 прочитанными абзацами связного текста (или 5 короткими текстами) и заголовками, передающими основную мысль текста (текстов). При этом в задание включён один лишний заголовок.

За каждое правильное установленное соответствие учащийся получает 1 балл. Максимальное количество баллов за выполнение задания В2 – 5.

Задания А4-А8 нацелены на проверку умения понимать в прочитанном тексте запрашиваемую информацию. Для проверки этого умения в работе представлены задания на выбор ответа. Прочитав текст, учащийся должен определить какие из предлагаемых утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста (1-True), какие не соответствуют (2-False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3- Not stated).

За каждый правильный ответ учащийся получает 1 балл. Максимальное количество баллов за выполнение заданий А5-А8 – 4 балла.

Понимание основного содержания .

Для выполнения задания на соответствие необходимо прочитать внимательно формулировку задания, т.е. утверждения (высказывания, заголовки) и подчеркнуть в них ключевые слова. Как правило, они близки тематически, поэтому надо искать различия, стараясь ответить на вопрос: «Чем высказывания отличаются друг то друга?» Определив эти различия (в виде ключевых слов), следует подумать о синонимах. В заданиях такого типа необходимо соединять с текстом различные элементы, такие как заголовки, фразы, вопросы, утверждения.

Начиная выполнять такое задание, следует определить, что нужно соединять с текстом, а затем использовать соответствующую стратегию.

Заголовки и фразы – надо быстро определить основную идею текста и его частей;

Вопросы – найти в тексте место, к которому относится вопрос;

Утверждения – найти в тексте ту же информацию, которая иначе выражена.

В данном задании намеренно используется одно лишнее утверждение (заголовок, вопрос), который не соотносится с текстом или текстами. В этом случае надо определить, какие утверждения (заголовки, вопросы) соответствуют тексту, а что является лишним.

Важно также помнить, что выполнение этого задания не требует полного и детального понимания текста, и умение проявить языковую догадку, а в отдельных случаях проигнорировать незнакомые «трудные слова», поскольку основное содержание текста может быть понято и без знания этих слов.

Примерные упражнения для выполнения заданий в разделе «Чтение».

Установление соответствия утверждений (заголовок) прочитанному тексту .

Задание №1.

Установите соответствие между заголовками A-G и текстами 1-6.Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Read the exam task.
2. Skim the texts for general understanding.
3. Read the headings and underline key words.
4. Read the texts again, identify the main points of the texts and underline the key phrases or key sentences.
5. Match the key phrases or key sentences to the appropriate heading.

1. First computers
2. Risky sport
3. Shopping in comfort
4. Difficult task
5. Professional sport
6. Shopping from home
7. New users

1. А group of university students from Brazil have been given the job of discovering and locating all the waterfalls in their country. It is not easy because very often the maps are not detailed. The students have to remain in water for long periods of time . Every day they cover a distance of 35 to 40 kilometers through the jungle , each carrying 40 kilos of equipment.

2. For many years now, mail-order shopping has served the needs of a certain kind of customers. Everything they order from a catalogue is delivered to their door. Now, though, e- mail shopping on the Internet has opened up even more opportunities for this kind of shipping.

3. Another generation of computer fans has arrived . They are neither sporty schoolchildren intellectual professors, but pensioners who are learning computing with much enthusiasm. It is particularly interesting for people suffering from arthritis as computers offer a way of writing nice clear letters. Now pensioners have discovered the Internet and at the moment they make up the fastest growing membership.

4. Shopping centres are full of all kinds of stores. They are like small, self-contained towns where you can find everything you want. In a large centre, shoppers can find everything they need without having to go anywhere else. They can leave their cars in the shopping centre car park and buy everything in a covered complex, protected from the heat, cold or rain.

5. Not many people know that, back in the fifties, computers were very big, and also very slow. They took up complete floors of a building, and were less powerful, and much slower than any of today"s compact portable computers. At first, the data they had to process and record was fed in on punched-out paper; later magnetic tape was used, but both systems were completely inconvenient.

6. Potholing is a dull name for a most interesting and adventurous sport. Deep underground, on the tracks of primitive men and strange animals who have adapted to life without light, finding unusual landscapes and underground lakes, the potholer lives an exciting adventure. You mustn"t forget, though, that it can be quite dangerous . Without the proper equipment you can fall, get injured or lost.

(Keys: 1-D, 2-F, 3-G, 4-C, 5-A, 6-B

Задание №2.

1. Установите соответствие между заголовками A-Е и текстами 1-5.Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз.

a) Read the title and subheading of the text and the instructions to get the general idea.

b) Skim the texts for general understanding.

c) Discuss the questions: What do you know about Manchester? Why isn’t the whole of Manchester getting wealthier? Can you name some of the features of ideal homes? What are the residents of Manchester worried about?

d) These words and phrases are from the text, choose the correct meaning.

1. residents (part 1) a) people who live in a place, b) poor people;

2. enoromous (part 2) a) very different, b) very big;

3. queuing up (part 2) a) waiting for, b) making a line;

4. attracting (part 3) a) making people interested, b) becoming more beautiful;

5. worlds apart (part 5) a) near to each other, b) completely different.

e)Read the headings and underline key words.

f) Read the texts again, identify the main points of the texts and underline the key phrases or key sentences.

g) Match the key phrases or key sentences to the appropriate heading.

Manchester – A Tale of Two Cities.

(Stephen Nickson comes back with a surprising report after his visit to a city in the North of England).

1. The sale of a riverside flat in Manchester for £1 million a few weeks ago shows that the heart of the city is becoming popular with the rich. But that doesn"t mean that the whole of Manchester is getting wealthier . Just three kilometres from the luxury flat in Century Buildings lies Jubilee Street, where residents live in damp, old houses which sell for only £7,000.

2. Just fifteen years ago, there wasn"t much difference in house prices in the central Manchester area. Now, the difference is enormous .

House developers, Urban Splash, are now changing an old factory into flats which will sell for up to £750,000. "Nobody could sell flats for this price four years ago/ says Tom Bloxham, who owns Urban Splash. "But now people are queuing up for them."

3. It"s not surprising that the flats like those in Century Buildings are both spacious and luxurious. With their iced-glass floors, luxury bathrooms and electronic systems for controlling temperature and lighting, they are attracting international businessmen and women. "Now, for the first time, people can find good quality housing in the centre of Manchester," says Mr Nesbit of Blue Sapphire estate agents, who were responsible for selling the flats in Century Buildings. "Even the views compare well with the best areas of London."

4. One thing the residents will not see from their apartments is Samantha Green"s council house. Samantha is a 35-year-old single mother of five, Their house is damp and too cramped for six people , and she wants to move for health

reasons. "My eldest son, Gary, is eighteen and he"s got backache at the moment. Jody - who"s six - has a bad cold. Someone is always sick," she says.

5. Samantha"s house and the flats in Century Buildings may be worlds apart but everyone in central Manchester shares a fear of crime . Fortunately for the wealthier residents, the problem has been partly solved by good security.

Samantha, though, is not so lucky. “I rarely go out at night and feel like a prisoner in my own home after dark. But that’s the way things are when you are poor, isnt’it?” she says, looking towards the river.

1. A world of difference
2. A common problem
3. The other side of the coin
4. Great changes
5. An ideal home
6. An exiting meeting

(Keys: 1-A, 2-D, 3- E, 4- C, 5- B)

Понимание в тексте запрашиваемой информации .

Для выполнения данного задания надо внимательно прочитать задание и утверждения/ вопросы. Следует продумать, какого рода информация потребуется (например, цифры, время, имена собственные, какие-то детали), чтобы определить данное утверждение/ вопрос как верное, неверное или вообще в тексте не затронутое.

Необходимо учитывать разницу между вариантом «Неверно» и вариантом «В тексте не сказано». Неверное предложение содержит информацию, которая противоречит тексту, а вариант «В тексте не сказано» означает, что в тексте ничего не говорится по этому поводу. Многие учащиеся воспринимают неупомянутую информацию как неправильную, что в результате приводит к неправильному ответу.

В заданиях такого типа порядок приведённых утверждений/ вопросов, как правило, соответствует тому порядку, в каком информация даётся в тексте.

Примерные упражнения на понимание в тексте запрашиваемой информации.

Задание №3.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 1-10 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 - False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 - Not stated).

1) Read the instructions to the Exam Task opposite.

1. How many sentences are there?
2. What are the sentences about?
3. What do you have to read?
4. What do you have to decide?

2) Read Sentences 1-10 to get a good a good idea what the text is about.

Match the sentences to the following topics.

1. places to stay 7........

1. how the day is organised
2. cancellations
3. what happens if it rains
4. what you need to take
5. when to pay
6. when they are open

h) staff qualifications

i) method of payment

j) who the courses are suitable for

3) Read the text to find the information you need.
For each sentence (1-10), mark the part of the text where you think the answer is. The first two are done for you.

4) Look at the sentences again.

1. Compare them with your underlined text.
2. Decide whether the sentence is correct or incorrect. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.
   Exam tip!

You don"t need to understand every word in the text to answer the questions. Some parts of the text aren"t tested, so don"t worry about them.

Action Sports Camps

Аction Sports Camps provide activity holidays for children aged over five and adults. We offer training in over twenty sports at ten different centres throughout the UK. All the centres are open from April until October, and some open during the winter for weekend courses. The sports offered differ from one centre to another, so if you want to do something in particular, you should check our colour brochure.

The camps are not just limited to outdoor sports - we cover a wide range of indoor activities as well. So if the rain comes, the camps continue, although you may have to take off your football boots and pick up a squash racket instead. With the experience we"ve gained over the years, we put together the right mix of sport and activities providing sport for all, not just for those who are brilliant at athletics.

We work in small groups, children working with others of their own age, but we do all come together for social activities and meals. So different members of a family can make their own individual choices, but they get a chance to exchange their experiences later on.

Our centres offer first-class accommodation, food and facilities - and the staff are first-class too. Qualified teachers or professionals receive training from us, and many work with us year after year. We always employ qualified staff for activities such as swimming, trampolining and gymnastics, but some of the assistants organising the children"s games are students, many of whom came to the camp themselves when they,were younger.

At most of our centres, accommodation is in a hostel or tents. It is not possible for us to arrange other accommodation, but we can send you a list of what is available in the area. Most of the places are recommended to us, but not all, so we are not responsible for the quality of the accommodation on this list. Luxury accommodation is not available near our camps.

To book a place at a sports camp, complete the form and send it with a cheque for the deposit to the address below. The rest of the fee can be paid at any time, but we must receive it at least one month before your camp. Please note, to keep costs down, you are charged 2.5% extra by us if you pay with your credit card. You will receive a letter of confirmation within ten days of sending your form. Cancellations made up to a month before the camp are refunded in full apart from a 5% administration fee. Fifty per cent of the fee is refunded if a cancellation is made up to two weeks before the date of the camp. After that, no refunds can be given.

1. Some centres are open all winter.

2. The activities available depend on the weather.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

3.Action Sports Camps courses are unsuitable for people who are excellent at sport.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

4.You need to have your own sports equipment.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

5. Children and adults spend some time together each day.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

6. Some of the staff are unqualified.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

7. Action Sports Camps only recommend accommodation of a high quality.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

8. You have to pay the total fee one month after you book.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

9. Action Sports Camps charge you more if you pay with your credit card.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

10. If you cancel three weeks before your camp, you will get half your money back.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

(Keys:1-False, 2-True,3-False,4-Not stated,5-True,6-True,7-False,8-False,9-True,10-True)

Задание № 4.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А5-А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 - False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 - Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

1) Skim the texts for general understanding.

2) Discuss the questions:

a) What is the text about?

b) What do you know about Agatha Christie?

c) What education did she receive?

d) Who encouraged A.Christie to start writing?

e) When did she work as a nurse?

f) What countries did she travel to?

3) Match the words 1-3 with their definitions A-C:

1. encourage A. a popular product, especially a book, which many people buy

2. strychnine B. persuade someone to do something

3. bestseller C. a very poisonous substance sometimes used in small

Amounts as a medicine

Dame Agatha Christie (1890-1976), the famous English "Queen of Crime", creator of world-known detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Jane Marple, was born in England on 15 Septem ber 1890 . Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was the youngest of the three children. Her father died when Agatha was just ten years old. She received no formal education, her mother and then gov ernesses taught her at home to read before she entered and fin ished school in Paris in 1906. Encouraged at an early age by her mother to write , Agatha started writing her first stories.

On 24 December 1914, she married a pilot Archie Christie, with whom she had a daughter, Rosalind. During World War I Agatha worked as a nurse. She got a great deal of knowledge about illnesses and poisons such as strychnine. So while she was writing her detective stories she could easily describe all the symptoms of this or that illness . Her first novel "The Mysterious Affair at Styles", where she used some of her knowledge, was an immediate bestseller . In 1926 , the year of the death of her moth er, Agatha Christie created some mystery of her own, disappear ing for a time; when she was found she said that she didn"t re member where she had been. Unfortunately, in 1928 Archie di vorced Agatha.

She then travelled to the Middle East, Baghdad and Iraq. There she met her future husband, archaeologist Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan. They got married in Scotland in 1930. She of ten accompanied him in his expeditions to the Middle East. In 1974 Agatha Christie appeared for the last time in public for her play "Murder on the Orient Express". When she was not travel ling the world, her and Max"s home in England was in the town of Wallingford, Oxfordshire, where she died peacefully on 12 Janu ary 1976.

A5. Agatha"s mother was against her daughter"s first at tempts in writing.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A6. Working as a nurse helped Agatha in writing her detec tive stories.

A7. Agatha"s first detective novel was a success.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A8. Agatha had visited all European countries.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

(Keys: A5-False, A6- True, A7 – True, A8 – Not stated)

Установление структурно-смысловых связей текста. Восстановление текста.

Для выполнения этого задания необходимо не только прочитать текст, но и заполнить пропуски соответствующими частями предложений. Данный вид задания выполняется с помощью логики и базового знания грамматики английского языка.

Сначала следует бегло прочитать весь текст, чтобы уловить его общее содержание. Затем, читая текст, содержащий пропуски, надо постараться определить, что может содержать каждый пропуск с точки зрения содержания и какую структуру он должен иметь (например, придаточное предложение с союзным словом which). Далее следует подобрать соответствующие фрагменты.

В этом задании необходимо обращать особое внимание на слова до и после пропуска. Восстановить нужный фрагмент текста помогут союзы и союзные слова, другие связующие текст элементы, согласование подлежащего со сказуемым, устойчивые выражения и грамматические структуры. Вместе с этим, необходимо обращать внимание на содержание и логику текста.

Следует также помнить, что один из предложенных фрагментов является лишним, он останется неиспользованным.

Задание №5 на понимание структурно-смысловых связей текста

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-6 частями из предложений, обозначенными буквами A-G. Oдна из частей в cписке лишняя. Занесите букву, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

The earlist example of moving pictures can be found in very old cave paintings.

The animals in the cave paintings are drawn with their legs in different positions, 1)… .

Equipment existed in China in 180 A.D. to show a series of drawings as moving pictures or animaition,2)… . Animation has developed from hand-drawn pictures to using computer technology to create tens of thousands of images to make cartoons.

Probably the most famous cartoon character of all time is Bugs Bunny, a rabbit that behaves like a human. He has a great personality; he is easy-going, never raises his voice and is rarely aggressive. Most people associate Bugs Bunny with the phrase ‘What’s up,doc?,3)… .

He has appeared in many cartoons which are generally short stories in which Bugs has various adventures. Bugs has many rivals such as Daffy Duck and Yosemite Sam,4… .

One of the most popular cartoons of recent years is The Simpsons. Each member of the family was drawn so that it would be recognized by its outline. Bart Simpson, of course, has a very familiar one 5)… .

The Simpsons reflects the reality of our world 6)… . It makes fun of serious problems and exaggerates everything. The result is that we laugh at ourselves and forget our problems – for a while, at least.

The common feature of animals and humans in cartoons is that the characters never get old. Perhaps this is why many people enjoy them; they are timeless.

1. but the rabbit always manages to come out as the winner
2. and deals with everyday issues such as sibling rivalry and work related stress
3. with his rectangular-shaped head and spiky hair
4. but it wasn’t until the arrival of film-making that animation became sophisticated
5. so that is why cartoons are popular
6. which he usually says while chewing a carrot
7. which is an attempt to show the idea of movement

(Keys:1-G,2-D,3-F,4-A,5-C,6-B)

Установление логической последовательности.

При выполнении заданий такого типа необходимо хорошее понимание всех особенностей текста, что поможет расположить части текста в правильном порядке. Обращайте внимание на союзы, личные местоимения и другие слова, соединяющие части текста.

В начале выполнения задания необходимо определить первое предложение текста – оно обычно содержит общее представление темы и имеет более упорядоченную и чёткую структуру:F)- I decided to go to Cuba…

Работая над следующими частями текста необходимо найти связь между группами предложений с помощью союзов или союзных слов: C) The first problem I had…затем E)The second problem I had… и т.д.
Определяя заключительную часть текста следует проверить, есть ли между ней и предыдущей частью логическая связь, и содержится ли там вывод, соответствующий содержанию текста:D) Tourism is already having a great effect…

Если в процессе выполнения задания есть части текста, которые никуда не подходят, необходимо отложить их до конца выполнения задания. После того, как большая часть текста расположена в нужном порядке, легче определить куда поставить эти предложения: H)- I then moved for a few days…(extra)

Задание №6 на установление логической последовательности .

В данном тексте части (A-J) расположены в неправильном порядке. Расположите их в логическом порядке, чтобы текст выглядел законченным. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу, приведённую ниже. Определяя порядковый номер каждого предложения, объясняйте свой выбор. Одна часть текста лишняя.

The other museum I visited in Havana was in the Hotel Ambos Mundos. You just walk into the building, take the lift up and find yourself in room 511 where Ernest Hemingway used to live when he was writing For Whom the Bell Tolls. Inside the room there is still his old typewriter.

But the food in my hotel was very was very good. I was staying in the Havana Libre, the previous Hilton Hotel, an enormous building with a very good manager. When I was swimming in the pool, I met a young American. It was a big surprise because the USA is still blockading Cuba and it discourages its citizens from visiting the island.

The first problem I had was connected with the journey to Cuba. It was very difficult to get a ticket and all kinds of travel agents kept telling me, "We are full" or "Cuba is full".

Finally I got a ticket on a flight with Cubana, the national airline. People told me horrible stories about it, but in fact my Cubana flightwas excellent.

Tourism is already having a great effect, changing things, offering a look at other worlds, making people want more freedom. Tourists are valued and liked, and it is nice to be liked by nice people. So go to Cuba soon, before it really is full. Probably full of Americans, trying to turn it into another Bahamas...

The second problem I had was in fact my ambition to meet as many Cubans as possible. For a foreigner speaking English, it is not easy at all. By absolute chance, I landed in Havana in the middle of the International Beatles Conference. Cubans are passionate about The Beatles and it was their third conference on this subject.

I decided to go to Cuba because I"m working on a book about the Caribbean. I have already been to 23 islands in that region but somehow have not made it to Cuba, the biggest of them all.

I was fascinated to see what is happening in the country which has been cut off from others since

the Fidel Castro Revolution of 1959.

The conference was partly sponsored by the British Embassy,so I agreed to give a little talk. In this way I met some Beatles fans who live in Cuba, and they invited me to visit their homes. It was shocking to realize that they are still living on food rations- for example? Each person gets only six eggs a month.

I then moved for a few days to the main holiday resort, Varadero, which is basically one enormous white beach. But I didn"t like it. If you want to go to Cuba, it"s better to spend more time in Havana where you can get the feel of the real Cuba. Before it all changes, which I"m sure it will.

In connection with collections and museums, I visited two of them . First I went to the Museum of the Revolution. It was enormous marble corridors and is filled with the things you find in most museums. The only difference is the instead of royal jewels they show Che Guevara’s black beret and Fidel Castro’s trousers.

So there are not many Americans in Cuba, but you can see something else which is very American: old cars from the 1950s, big limos which we normally see today only in old films. They are very well kept by their owners. There are also many collectors in Cuba who keep such cars for their value for money.

(keys: 1-F,2-C,3-E,4-G,5-B,6-J,7-I,8-A,9-D)

Задание №5 на понимание структурно-смысловых связей текста и задание №6 на установление логической последовательности не соответствует типам заданий ГИА, однако выполнение данных видов заданий на уроках английского языка развивают у учащихся навыки работы с текстом, что поможет учащимся подготовиться к успешной сдаче Государственной Итоговой Аттестации.

Привожу следующие задания №7 и №8, соответствующие формату и требованиям ГИА, в качестве примера экзаменационной работы.

Задание №7.

Установите соответствие между текстами 1-5 и заголовками A-F. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

A. National hobby

B. Type of pronunciation

C. A new method of painting

D. Expected discovery

E. Means of transportation

F. A well-known part of town

1. Hundred of years ago there were stories about a large continent in the Southern Hemisphere. People called it "terra australis incognita", or "the unknown southern land".
   But no one could say what it was like and whether it was inhabited until the Dutch discovered it in 1606. Willem Jansz was the first European known to sight the continent.

1. The Welsh are known in Great Britain for their singing. They like singing together. Choral singing is a national art and every village has more than one choir. The Welsh sing everywhere - in competitions, on holidays, in a bus. People like to sing loudly. There are
   singing competitions in a festival of Welsh culture.

1. The East End is especially famous as the centre of clothing industry in London. For centuries people from abroad have come to find work there. Traditionally someone born in
   the East End is known as a cockney although this name is now given to anyone who speaks like a Londoner. Typically they change certain vowel sounds and have a few problems with "th" and use "f instead.

1. John Trumbull (1756 - 1843) was the first American artist to produce history paintings dealing with contemporary American events. His work "The Declaration of Independence" is a painting of particular historical significance. Of the forty-eight figures crowded into the canvas, thirty-six were painted from life. Standing at the table before John Hancock are John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.

1. There are two main kinds of buses in London: the red double-decker and the single-decker.
   The single-decker buses travel between the main stations and stop at fewer stops than the double-deckers. The double-deckers have seats for 65 people. Only five people are allowed
   to stand when the seats are full. So the conductor may stop you getting on the bus if there are five passengers already standing.

(Keys: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C,5-E)

Задание №8 .

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А5 - А8 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - TRUE), какие не соответствуют (2 - FALSE) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 - NOT STATED).

Every day Peru"s Machu Picchu, the Lost City of the Incas, is rediscovered by at least 1,000 tourists who are slowly destroying one of the wonders of the world. More people now come to this sacred citadel in a week than ever lived there in its 15th-century prime. The attempt to improve facilities for international visitors - better hotels, a helicopter service, and a planned cable car to replace the bus trip up the mountain - has only made the wear and tear worse.

For nearly 500 years Machu Picchu was covered by impenetrable rainforests until in 1911, an American scholar-explorer, Hiram Bingham, stumbled upon it whilst he was looking for Vilacamba, the last refuge of the Incas from the Spanish conquerors.

It"s easy to see why so many want to flock here. The sight of the emerald green grass slopes and stone-coloured remains of Machu Picchu, flanked by its awesome, snow-capped peaks, is utterly breathtaking.

It seems now, however, that Machu Picchu is falling victim to its own success. The primary concern is that the high volume of visitors is harming the site"s infrastructure. A survey by Japanese geologists at Kyoto University has suggested the earth beneath the city is moving at a rate of up to one centimetre per month.

As a result, the United Nations cultural agency wants visitor numbers more than halved, which means that visitors must now wait four to five days before getting a place on a trek. Despite this, Machu Picchu remains the number one must-see in South America. And, as such, the hunt is now on for new Inca ruins as a viable, ecologically sound alternative.

A5 The improvement of facilities for tourists is causing environmental damage.

l)True

3) Not stated

2) False

A6 Hiram Bingham set out to discover Machu Picchu in 1911.
l)True 2) False 3) Not stated

A7 Tourists must carry their the own bags while they are walking along the Inca Trail.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A8 The United National cultural agency would like to reduce the number of tourists who visit Machu Picchu.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

В заключение хочется привести советы, которые могут быть полезны учащимся при подготовке к сдаче ГИА по английскому языку.

Задание на понимание основного содержания прочитанного.

1. Прочитайте внимательно инструкцию к заданию, чтобы чётко

Представлять, что необходимо делать.

2. Помните, что одно утверждение лишнее.

1. Прочитайте формулировку утверждений, они помогут вам сориентироваться в теме высказывания.

4 Выделите ключевые слова в утверждениях. Подумайте о синонимах к

Ключевым словам, которые вы можете встретить в тексте.

6. Сконцентрируйте внимание на ключевых словах, не пытаясь переводить текст. .

7. Не паникуйте, если в тексте есть незнакомые слова, они могут не понадобится для выполнения задания.

1. Внимательно читайте заголовок, очень часто из него можно понять тему (основную мысль) текста.

9. В тексте обычно даётся сначала основная мысль, а затем она подкрепляется дополнительной информацией.

10.Помните, что можно использовать каждую букву только один раз.

Задание на понимание запрашиваемой информации:

1. Внимательно прочитайте инструкцию к заданию, чтобы чётко представлять, что и как вы должны делать.
2. Быстро просмотрите текст, чтобы понять о чём он и, чтобы знать, где в дальнейшем искать ответы.
3. Не пытайтесь переводить текст дословно.
4. Прочитайте вопросы (утверждения). Выделите в них ключевые слова. Подумайте, какие синонимы к ним вы можете подобрать в тексте.
5. Ответы в тексте не выражены тем же языком, что и вопросы (утверждения).
6. Прочитайте каждый мини текст внимательно, чтобы представлять, какие вопросы (утверждения) относятся к этому мини тексту.
7. Выбор ответа должен быть основан только на содержании текста.
8. Выбирайте ответ «верно», если текст полностью отвечает на тестовый вопрос (утверждение).
9. Выбирайте ответ неверно», если текст противоречит тестовому вопросу (утверждению).
10. Выбирайте ответ «в тексте не сказано», если в тексте ничего не говорится по тестовому вопросу (утверждению).

Список использованной литературы:

1. Новые государственные стандарты школьного образования по иностранному языку: 2-11 классы (образование в документах и комментариях) М, АСТ Астрель, 2004.

2. Трубанева Н.Н., Бабушис Е.Е., Спичко Н,А. ГИА -2011 Экзамен в новой форме. Английский язык. Тренировочные варианты экзаменационных работ для проведения государственной итоговой аттестации в новой форме М., АСТ, Астрель, 2011

3. Тофель И.В. Английский язык Сборник тренировочных заданий 9 класс М. «Просвещения»,2009

4. Веселов Ю.С. ГИА Английский язык Сборник тренировочных вариантов. «Интеллект- центр», М.,2011

5. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

ОТДАМ 35 БАЛЛОВ ООЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО. ЗАРАНЕЕ СПАСИБО.

РАЗДЕЛ 2 (ЗАДАНИЯ ПО ЧТЕНИЮ)

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному A-G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Travelling with the family

2. My lifelong friend

3. A favourite activity

4. Professional care and help

5. A soulmate to travel with

6. People travelling together

7. A happy acquaintance

8. Numerous functions

A. My five elements to enjoy and value in life are love, food, fashion, entertainment and travel. But one element that includes the others is travel. With the mention of travel, my eyes glisten and heart begins to pound. My favourite saying goes: "A hopeful heart and an open mind are the best travelling companions". During my trips I do my best to follow it. Travelling for me is experiencing and learning.

B.You can"t get lost in an unknown place with Travelling Companion Panorama Camera. It is an optimal tourist technology. This cutting-edge concept is a device that combines the capabilities of several different gadgets and aids that out-of-towners often find useful. You can hold this device in one or both hands and have a clear display in front your eyes. It can help you to map your routs, to discover places of interest and to record your trip.

C. Those who love to travel, take every opportunity to ride on anything but enjoy the ways and the items at every stop. The most pleasurable feeling for them is when they have someone with whom they can share their happiness, with whom they can talk and relax. Nobody wants to be alone in the world and while enjoying something which one is very fond of like "travelling", one feels the need of the right kind of companionship.

D. As John left the wood, a voice called after him, "Hallo, comrade, where are you travelling?" "Into the wide world," he replied; "I am going into the wide world also," replied the stranger; "shall we keep each other company?" "With all my heart," he said, and so they went on together. Soon they began to like each other very much, for they were both good; but John found out that his fellow traveller was much cleverer than himself. He had travelled all over the world, and could describe almost everything.

E. We have a list of people willing to use vacation time from their job to accompany you on vacation. While none of our clients may need a doctor or a nurse to get around, all of our travellers enjoy the comfortable feeling of travelling with a companion who has professional education and experience. You can talk directly with each companion about your needs while travelling. An experienced travel companion can solve most problems in advance and handle other challenges as they arise.

F. Like all little girls, I had an obsession with Barbie dolls. Once I was presented with a doll named Samantha, who had a bright red velvet dress and matching bow in her brown hair. She came with a little travel coat which, in the words of my mom, made her the perfect travel companion. The doll was fantastically lovely and cute and I couldn"t part with it. Even growing older while travelling it was always in my baggage waiting for my company.

G. A Travelling Companion is "a person or persons with whom you have coordinated travel arrangements, who shares the same accommodations as you and intends to travel with you during the trip". These are people you are not related to - those people are usually family members. Usually "Travelling Companion" means up to six persons whose names appear with yours on the same trip arrangement and who, during the trip, will accompany you.

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами А–G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Meaningful name

2. Times and associations

3. Still the first in the list of destruction

4. Severe and powerful

5. Unique in many ways

6. Too much to remain pure

7. Natural flow preserved

8. Center of development

A. The fifth longest river in the world is the Yenisei which flows north from Mongolia through Russia to the Arctic Ocean. Originally, nomadic tribes - the Kit and Yugh people - lived along the banks of the Yenisei. Russian explorers first reached its shores in 1605. Much of the Yenisei is ice-bound six or more months in the year. Explosives are used to keep the water flowing, thereby avoiding serious flooding. A series of massive hydroelectric dams provide energy to support Russian industry.

B. Known as the “cradle of Chinese civilization”, the Yellow River in China is the 6th longest river in the world. It’s been a major center of Chinese population and culture since the 3rd century B.C. However, the Yellow River has another name - “China’s Sorrow”. For thousands of years, the river has regularly flooded, destroying the surrounding countryside and populations. Today over a dozen dams control the flooding and also provide electricity for millions.

C. Every year schoolchildren everywhere learn the names of the world’s great rivers. Everyone knows the longest river is the Nile. Or is it? Brazilian and Peruvian scientists now argue that the Amazon should be considered the longest (using complicated measurements only scientists can understand). But for now, the Nile still wins the title of “longest river” in textbooks. The Nile has always been the lifeline of Egyptian civilization. The annual flooding of the river creates rich agricultural soil, ideal for growing wheat and flax and other crops.

D. When people think of the Mississippi River, their first thought is usually of Mark Twain and the adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn. They may not recall from their childhood geography lessons that the Mississippi is the fourth longest river in the world. For thousands of years, Native Americans lived along the Mississippi, mostly living as hunter-gatherers and herders. That life changed forever when Europeans first arrived in the 16th century; today the Mississippi plays a crucial role in the economic life of dozens of cities and small towns situated along its shores.

E. The third longest river is the Yangtze River in China. The river plays a very important role in China’s history, culture and economy. Nearly one-third of China’s huge population lives along the Yangtze river. The Yangtze is one of the world’s busiest waterways. Everything is transported along the Yangtze: coal, cars, produce and people. The river also attracts many tourists who take cruises through the famous Three Gorges area. Sadly, because of the heavy traffic on the river and industry along its, banks the Yangtze is very polluted.

F. The Nile may still earn the title for longest river, but the Amazon - the second longest - has the greatest volume by far. The Amazon contains approximately one-fifth of the water flowing in the world’s rivers. Uniquely, there are no bridges crossing the Amazon anywhere along its long route. Most of the Amazon flows through tropical rainforests, where there are few roads or cities - and therefore no need for bridges. The Amazon Rainforest is the home of more than one-third of all animal and plant species in the world.

G. From its origins in the Altay Mountains in China, the Irtysh flows north-west through Kazakhstan, and finally merges with the Ob, in western Siberia, Russia. The Ob is 7th longest river in the world. In the 1960s and 1970s proposals to reverse the flow of the Irtysh among other Northern rivers were seriously and widely discussed. These gigantic water management schemes meant to supply water to central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Thanks to Kazakh and Russian environmentalists and lack of money they were not implemented.

Изучив советы по выполнению заданий ЕГЭ из Раздела 2 по чтению (см. Демонстрационный вариант ЕГЭ 2016 Английский язык, Раздел 2 Чтение), выполните следующие тренировочные варианты.

Вариант 1

Задание 10

Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1 – 8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Mixing styles
2. Internet sensation
3. Short lifetime
4. Money worries
5. Celebrity style
6. Cheaper to buy
7. Rebels no more
8. Shopping frenzy

Youth sub-culture isn’t what it used to be. In the 1960s, youths who were protesting against their parents or society dressed a certain way to show their anger, or to feel like they belonged to something. Nowadays, parents are more accepting of their children, and society is more accepting of different people. There is less of a need to act out, so there are fewer sub-cultures as a result.

There are still a few youth sub-cultures these days. One phenomenon is haul girls – teenage girls who shop till they drop, then come home with a big ‘haul’, usually several bags of clothes. Then they make a video of what they bought, and not just any old video, either. They put great effort into it, with editing and a storyline. It’s their way of showing off what they love to do.

In the old days, it took quite a lot of cash to get the look you desired. If you wanted to be Goth, going out and buying black boots, black clothes and black jewellery would cost a considerable amount. It’s all become more affordable now, so you can belong to one youth sub-culture one week and another the next, more or less.

There are fewer differences between youth sub-cultures than there used to be. In the old days, a hippie looked like a hippie. A punk looked like a punk, and nothing else. But it seems that the youth of today sometimes combines looks. One example is seapunk, which is punk but much more colourful and with a bit of hip-hop added. At least it’s still very creative!

A youth sub-culture is defined by many things. It’s the need to stand out, or the need to protest, or the need to belong. These days, kids are quite worried about their future. University has become very expensive, and the job market isn’t as strong as it used to be. How can anyone focus on creating a unique style when they’re facing such deep financial concerns?

Sometimes a youth sub-culture can come out of nowhere. Take Molly Soda, for example. Molly Soda is a teenage girl who posted some short films on YouTube that quickly became highly popular. Her style of dress, with her blue hair and nose piercing, is now copied by thousands of girls who find it cool. They’re called Molly Soda girls, from a youth sub-culture born overnight!

It is true that youth sub-cultures are like trends. They are born, they gain popularity, and then soon enough, everyone’s joined in. At that point, they are finished. This timeline used to be much longer than it is today. Now, with social media, trends spread much faster, which means they die a death much faster, too. A sub-culture is lucky if it lasts a whole year these days!

Задание 11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7 . Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Evolution

The theory of evolution says that all living things on Earth, A ____________, come from a common ancestor by slowly changing down the generations. Darwin suggested that the way living things changed over time is through natural selection. This is the better survival and reproduction of those B ____________ . Fitting into the place where you live is called adapting. Those who fit best into the place where they live, the best adapted, have the best chance to survive and breed. Those who are less well-adapted C ____________ . If they do not survive well enough to raise young, that means they do not pass on their genes. In this way, the species gradually changes.

The first chapter of the Origin deals with domesticated animals, D ____________ . Darwin reminded readers of the huge changes mankind had made in its domestic animals, which were once wild species. The changes were brought about by selective breeding – choosing animals with desirable characters to breed from. This had been done generation after generation, E __________ . Perhaps what man had done deliberately, might happen in nature, where some would live more offspring than others.

Darwin noticed that although young plants or animals are very similar to their parents, F ___________ and there is always a range of shape, size, colour and so on. Some of these differences the plant or animal may have got from their own ancestors, but some are new and caused by mutations.

1. including plants, animals and microbes
2. tend not to survive
3. such as cattle and dogs
4. it would have a better chance to survive
5. that best fit their environment
6. no two are exactly the same
7. until our modern breeds were produced

Задания 12 – 18

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18 . В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1 , 2 , 3 или 4 , соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Crash Landing

At that time the people of Britain would have been shocked to know that women were flying their most famous war plane. But the fact is that the ATA (Air Transport Auxiliary) had over 100 women pilots who delivered more than 300,000 air craft during the war. We had to fly the Spitfires from the factories and deliver them to airfields dotted around the south of England. Normally we would be flying in daylight with good visibility conditions. That is why we were never given instrument training as our instructors told us that with all the restrictions of war time, there was no time or money to spare for this luxury.

Occasionally we had to fly other aircraft – without any kind of additional training at all. Probably some high ranking, non-flying military official somewhere said that all aircraft were exactly the same to fly. Well – I can assure you that this is not true. With unfamiliar aircraft we had ten minutes to read an instruction booklet called the “Ferry Pilot Notes”. And that was it. We had to climb in, fire up, taxi and then take off in completely unknown flying machines.

That particular day, the day I came so close to death, was my twenty-first birthday. I had no cake or candles that day and my two friends and myself shared some chocolate – the only luxury available in those days. We drank apple juice, and ate the apples and cheese. We entertained ourselves with silly stories. But at one solemn moment we also made a toast to absent friends and remembered the girls who had died delivering aircraft.

In the morning we were driven to the factory and my worst fears were realised. Instead of a lovely new and familiar Spitfire I had a bulky Torpedo bomber. We all hated these as several had crashed without any clear reason why. I was able to take the Ferry Pilot Notes into the canteen and studied them over breakfast. I had a very uneasy feeling in my stomach which had nothing to do with the breakfast I was consuming. I had birthday kisses from the other girls but it only made me feel worse.

At about 11 I was given my flight plan and it was time to go. I looked at the sky. There was a strange quality to the light that I didn’t like and I was worried. With no instrument training, fog or mist made flying incredibly dangerous and absolutely terrifying. With a heavy heart I fired up the engine.

Within 20 minutes I was approaching the river Forth. But I couldn’t see the river as clouds thickened up around me. I took the aircraft lower looking for a glimpse of the ground. At one point I was sure that I was virtually at ground level but I couldn’t see a thing. It was too dangerous to continue. I could hear my heart beating even over the roar of the engine.

When it happened – it happened really quickly. The plane hit water. I didn’t see anything. I was thrown against my straps – and then a flood of cold seawater in my eyes and mouth. I was a mile out to sea!

I was certain I was going to die. Funnily enough – I was perfectly calm. I even thought that my ATA insurance payment would really be a big help to my Mother. But then survival instinct kicked in. I was still alive – and close to shore. I had no life jacket or any survival gear but I was a good swimmer. I was certain there were no bones broken and I didn’t have to swim far. I was picked up by a fishing boat that I had narrowly missed in the fog. And in the end I got a real birthday drink after all – a cup of spiced, dark rum.

12. Women pilots from ATA had no instrument training because

1) it was an auxiliary air force.

2) they were not supposed to fly in low visibility.

3) their main job was to deliver Spitfires to airdromes.

4) there was no money for this during the war.

13. The Ferry Pilot Notes were instruction booklets written to

1) help women pilots.

2) explain how to fly the plane.

3) ensure further training.

4) explain how to behave in dangerous situations.

14. The narrator and her friends had no cake because

1) it was still the day before her birthday.

2) they preferred apples and cheese.

3) it was hard to obtain one in wartime.

4) it was a tradition to eat it in the pilot canteen.

15. The narrator was unhappy to take a Torpedo bomber because

1) it was a bulky aircraft.

2) she preferred to fly Spitfires.

3) she didn’t know how to fly it.

4) the plane was notorious.

16. The narrator flew with a heavy heart because she

1) didn’t feel healthy.

2) found her flying plan incredibly dangerous.

3) was worried there might be poor visibility.

4) was in a blue mood.

17. The narrator’s words “It was too dangerous to continue” refer to her decision to