Chapter 3 Louis X the Grumpy

Louis X

Louis X
Artist Octave Tasser

Louis X, king of France
Louis I, king of Navarre

Louis X the Grumpy Louis X le Hutin or le Querelleur(fr.) Years of life: October 4, 1289 - June 5, 1316 Years of government: France: November 29, 1314 - June 5, 1316 Navarre: 2 April 1305 - 5 June 1316 Father: Mother: Wives: 1) Margarita of Burgundy; 2) Clementia of Hungary, daughter A son: Daughter:

Serves are feudally dependent peasants in Western Europe.
Sometimes the serfs are called "serfs of France,
which is not entirely true (the servos were not attached to the ground).

After his death on April 2, 1305, Louis the Grumpy became King of Navarre, Count of Champagne and Brie. He was crowned in Pamplona in 1307. At the time of his father's death on November 29, 1314, Louis was in Navarre, and until his return, his uncle Charles of Valois ruled the kingdom. Louis X was crowned at Reims on August 3, 1315. Spineless and weak, Louis was unable to continue his father's policy of creating an absolute monarchy. Affairs continued to manage Karl Valois; assistants and advisers were removed and some even put on trial.

The fiscal policy begun and continued by Louis X led to growing discontent in France. Leagues were formed in many provinces, uniting prelates, barons, and citizens; attempts were also made to establish contacts between the regions. Already in November 1314, the unpopular tax was abolished, but the opposition demanded wider concessions and guarantees. Using the contradictions that existed among the opposition and granting provincial charters to Languedoc, Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Picardy, Auvergne and Brittany, Louis X was able to settle relations with the estates. On the advice of his entourage and, not least, Charles of Valois, the king made significant concessions, and in some cases this was indeed a retreat from the policy previously carried out by the royal house. However, soon the royal power was able to nullify the promises given in the charters.

Taking advantage of the movement of 1314-15, Flanders declared the independence of the cities that came under power. Louis X took up the preparation of the expedition. Needing funds to organize it, in 1315 he ordered an end to the persecution of Jews for debts and allowed them to return to France, forbidding usury. The government did not lose out: the Jews were allowed to collect old debts, two-thirds of which were to go to the royal treasury. On July 3, 1315, the king approved the famous edict of release in the royal domain for a ransom, this example was followed later by many lords. In December 1315, Louis tried to ban the minting of coins by private individuals, but this project was not carried out.

In September 1315, Louis X led an army into Flanders, but the incessant rains delayed its progress, and the brilliant knightly expedition got stuck in the swamps, and the king was forced to turn back.

As unfortunate as Louis was in public affairs, he was just as unhappy in his personal life. At the beginning of 1314, the king ordered the arrest of his daughters-in-law Margarita (wife of Louis) and Blanca of Burgundy (wife of Charles de la Marche, future), who compromised themselves with two knights, brothers Philip and Gauthier d "Onet, and Jeanne of Burgundy, wife of Philip de Poitiers (future ) for knowing about the intrigue and not informing. The stain of shame that fell on the royal court had to be washed off with the most severe measures. Lovers were castrated, they were skinned alive. The princesses were thrown into prison. Margarita of Burgundy died in Chateau Gaillard in the first winter from the cold.

The second wife of Louis X on August 19, 1315 was Clementia, the daughter of the titular king of Hungary and Clementia of Austria, but their marriage was short-lived. On June 5, 1316, Louis died (according to rumors, from poison), leaving his wife pregnant. The King's younger brother, Comte de Poitiers, became regent for the period of waiting for the birth of the heir and his infancy.

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Biography

Being spineless and weak, he could not continue his father's policy of creating an unlimited monarchy [ style] . The affairs were managed by his uncle, Charles of Valois, Philip IV's assistants and advisers were removed, some put on trial. Louis X promised to restore the fief and judicial rights of feudal owners, to mint the same coin instead of the base one that was under his great-grandfather Louis IX, to reduce the influence of the legalists and the royal administration. But Louis failed to restore "the good customs of the times of St. Louis" (fr. es bonnes coutumes du temps de Saint Louis ).

Constantly in need of money, Louis X was forced to seek support from the townspeople, who were opposed to the feudal lords. Exclusively financial considerations explain the famous ordinance of Louis X (), in which he, destroying serfdom in his domains, invites other lords to follow his example and declares that every Frenchman should be free (fr. au pays de Francs nul ne doit être serf ). Continuing the struggle with Flanders begun by his father, Louis intended to conquer the Flanders cities, but failed. All the undertakings of this failed king were destined to fail.

The daughter of Louis X from his first marriage, Jeanne II (-), removed from the French crown, was nevertheless recognized as the heir to the possessions of her grandmother Jeanne I, Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne. In fact, Champagne was divided into less significant counties, and Jeanne became queen of Navarre only in 1328. Her descendants from her marriage to Philippe d'Evreux (1306-) ruled Navarre until 1441.

Louis X in popular culture

• Louis X is one of the heroes of the series of historical novels "The Damned Kings" by the French writer Maurice Druon.

Cinema

• Georges Ser in the miniseries Damned Kings (1972)
• Guillaume Depardieu in the miniseries Damned Kings (2005)

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Literature

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An excerpt characterizing Louis X (King of France)

Coronation of Louis X.
Reproduction from the website http://monarchy.nm.ru/

Louis X, King of France
Louis I, King of Navarre
Louis X the Grumpy
Louis X le Hutin
Years of life: October 4, 1289 - June 5, 1316
Reigned: France: November 29, 1314 - June 5, 1316
Navarre: 2 April 1305 - 5 June 1316
Father: Philip IV
Mother: Jeanne of Navarre
Wives: 1) Margaret of Burgundy
2) Clementia Hungarian
Son: John
Daughter: Jeanne

The short reign of Louis was unremarkable. The king practically did not deal with state affairs, transferring control to his uncle Charles of Valois. He first dealt with his opponent Angerran Marigny and abolished the laws introduced by Philip the Handsome that oppressed the feudal lords: he returned to them the right to mint coins, administer court, and abolished burdensome taxes. At the same time, serfs in the royal estates were allowed to buy their freedom for a relatively small amount.

Louis imprisoned his first wife Marguerite, convicted of adultery, in the castle of Gaillard, where she soon died under mysterious circumstances. In 1315, Louis remarried the sister of the Hungarian king Charles Robert, but soon died, leaving his young wife pregnant. If she had a son, he would automatically become king. In anticipation of the birth of a child, Louis' brother Philippe was appointed regent of France.

Used material from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/

Louis X the Grumpy (1289-1316) - from the Capetian family. King of Navarre 1305-1316 King of France 1314-1316 Son of Philip IV the Handsome and Joanna I of Navarre.

1) Margarita, daughter of the Duke of Burgundy Robert II (+ 1315);

Louis was far inferior in ability to his father. He did not like serious occupations, preferring luxury and pleasure to them. in fact, the administration of the state was concentrated in the hands of his uncle. Carla Valois. He first of all tried to deal with his longtime enemy Angerran Marigny, coadjutor of the kingdom, who played great importance under Philip the Handsome. Marigny was soon accused of sorcery and hanged. In the same way, Charles of Valois hastened to abolish many of his brother's measures that oppressed the feudal lords. Louis soon restored their fief and judicial rights, the right to mint coins, and abolished burdensome taxes. In his charters, he guaranteed the old feudal order, which had been constantly violated under his father. In a sense, it was a feudal reaction. However, the reign of Louis also had a positive side: in need of money, he allowed all the serfs on the royal estates to buy their freedom for a relatively small amount. Louis imprisoned his first wife for her scandalous adultery. There she died under mysterious circumstances. Shortly after his second marriage to Clementia, Louis made an unsuccessful campaign in Flanders. Upon his return, he fell ill with a fever and died while still a very young man. He had a daughter from his first marriage. The second wife after his death remained pregnant.

All the monarchs of the world. Western Europe. Konstantin Ryzhov. Moscow, 1999

Read further:

France in the 14th century(chronological table)

Spineless and carefree, accustomed to a pampered life, Louis was not able to continue his father's policy - the formation of an unlimited monarchy; his uncle, Charles of Valois, managed the affairs; assistants and advisers to Philip IV were removed, some put on trial. Louis X promised to restore the fief and judicial rights of feudal owners, to mint the same coin instead of the base one that was under his great-grandfather Louis IX, to reduce the influence of the legalists and the royal administration. However, Louis failed to restore "les bonnes coutumes du temps de Saint Louis". Constantly in need of money, he had to seek support from the townspeople, hostile to the feudal lords. Purely financial considerations explain the famous ordinance of Louis X (), in which he, abolishing serfdom in his domains, invites other lords to follow his example and says that every Frenchman should be free (au pays de Francs nul ne doit être serf). Continuing the struggle with Flanders begun by his father, Louis was going to conquer the Flanders cities, but failed.

Louis was married to Marguerite, Princess of Burgundy. Accused of treason, she was sentenced by the royal court of Philip IV the Handsome to life imprisonment. According to the canons of the Catholic Church, adultery was not a ground for divorce, and thus Louis, even after becoming king, was still bound by marriage to his unloved wife who was in prison. It was rumored that the violent death in 1315 of Margaret of Burgundy in the state prison of Château Gaillard was expressly approved by Louis. Freed from his unfaithful wife, the king entered into a second marriage with Clementia, a Hungarian and Neapolitan princess. From his first marriage he left his daughter Jeanne; after his death, a son was born, John I the Posthumous, who died after living only five days. The younger brothers of Louis X (“damned kings” Philip V the Long and Charles IV) also did not leave male offspring, which caused the suppression of the senior Capet line, the accession of the Valois dynasty and the Hundred Years War.

The daughter of Louis X from his first marriage, Jeanne II (1311-1349), removed from the French crown, was, however, recognized as the heiress of the possessions of her grandmother Jeanne I, Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne. In fact, Champagne was replaced by less significant counties, and Jeanne became queen of Navarre only in 1328. Her descendants from marriage with Philip III d "Evreux (+1343) ruled Navarre until 1441. These are Charles II the Evil (King 1349-1387), Charles III the Noble (King 1387-1425), Blanca (1425-1441)

After the death of his mother (April 2, 1305) he became King of Navarre, Count of Champagne and Brie. He was crowned in Pamplona in 1307. At the time of his father's death (November 29, 1314) he was in Navarre, and until his return, his uncle Charles of Valois ruled the kingdom. Louis X was crowned at Reims on 3 August 1315.

1314-15 were marked by a movement that grew out of dissatisfaction with the fiscal policy of Philip IV. To contemporaries, it seemed to be a concerted and universal action, although it was localized by provinces. The opposition acquired the most organized and distinct forms in the north and east of France: provincial leagues were formed there, uniting prelates, barons and townspeople; attempts were also made to establish contacts between the regions (Burgundy, Champagne, Vermandois, Bovezi, Pontier, Corby, Artois). Normandy, Auvergne and Languedoc also participated in the opposition and managed to win concessions from the king.

Back in November 1314, the government refused to levy the outrageous tax, some officials were convicted, and the chancellor Angerran de Marigny was executed, but the oppositionists demanded wider concessions and guarantees. Using the contradictions that existed among the opposition and granting provincial charters to Languedoc, Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Picardy, Auvergne and Brittany, Louis X was able to settle relations with the estates. On the advice of his entourage and, not least, Charles of Valois, the king made significant concessions, and in some cases this was indeed a retreat from the policy previously carried out by the royal house. However, soon the royal power was able to nullify the promises given in the charters.

Taking advantage of the movement of 1314-15, Flanders declared the independence of the cities that came under the rule of Philip IV the Handsome. Louis X took up the preparation of the expedition. Needing funds for its organization, in 1315 he ordered an end to the persecution of Jews for debts and allowed them to return to France, forbidding usury (in 1311 Philip IV issued a decree on the expulsion of Jews and Italian usurers from the kingdom). The government did not lose out: the Jews were allowed to collect old debts, two-thirds of which were to go to the royal treasury. On July 3, 1315, the king approved the famous edict on the release of the serfs in the royal domain for a ransom, this example was later followed by many seniors. In December 1315, he tried to come up with a ban on private coins, which were minted by that time by 31 lords, but this project was not implemented. Louis X was forced to return to his former positions in monetary policy, especially stipulating the differences in appearance between royal and private coins.

Louis X led the army to Flanders, but the incessant rains delayed its advance, and the brilliant knightly expedition got stuck in the swamps in September 1315. Robert, Count of Flanders, took advantage of this, as later, the troubles that broke out in France during the accession to the throne of Philip V (1316).

On September 23, 1305, he married Margaret of Burgundy (1290-1315), daughter of Duke Robert I. From this marriage in 1312 Jeanne, Queen of Navarre, was born, in 1329 she became the wife of Philip III, Count d "Evreux. The illegitimate daughter of Louis Edeline (1305) is also known ), who became an abbess.

At the beginning of 1314, King Philip the Handsome ordered the arrest of his daughters-in-law Margaret and Blanca of Burgundy (wife of Charles de la Marche, future Charles IV), who had compromised themselves with two knights, the brothers Philip and Gauthier d "Onet, and Jeanne of Burgundy, wife of Philip de Poitiers (the future Philip V) because she knew about the intrigue and did not inform. The stain of shame that fell on the royal court had to be washed off with the most severe measures. Lovers were castrated, they were skinned alive. The princesses were thrown into prison. Margaret of Burgundy died in Chateau Gaillard in the first winter from the cold.

The second wife of Louis X on August 19, 1315 was the princess from the Anjou house Clemens (Clementia, 1293-1328), the daughter of the Hungarian king Charles Martel and Clementia of Austria. Louis X left his wife pregnant; shortly after his death in 1316, she gave birth to the short-lived John I Postum. There are suggestions that the death of the newborn was not accidental. The king's younger brother, Philippe, Comte de Poitiers, became regent for the period of waiting for the birth of the heir and his infancy. He also inherited the French throne. In order to refuse the rightful heiress of Louis X, Jeanne, an ancient legal rule was found from the Law of the Salic Franks (Lex Salica), which allowed land to be inherited only by men. Philip, and then Charles IV, also usurped the crown of Navarre, which also belonged to Jeanne, which returned to her only after the death of Charles in 1328.