How to increase nitric oxide in the body of a man. The effect of nitric oxide on the body

Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule formed from nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O), which is literally called NO. Nitric oxide plays a major role in vascular relaxation (blood pressure regulation, erectile dysfunction), immune response, inflammation, antithrombotic activity, and memory formation.

Also Known As: NO

biological significance

Structure

Nitric oxide (hereinafter NO - depicted below) is a small signaling molecule synthesized from the amino acid L-arginine by a family of nitric oxide synthetases including eNOS (endothelial, NOS-III), iNOS (inducible, NOS-II), and nNOS ( neuronal, NOS-I). This family of enzymes act as dimers with a variety of cofactors including tetrahydrobiopterin, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), iron and zinc. While the regulation and modulation of each isoform varies considerably, all isoforms accelerate the reaction of L-arginine with NADPH and oxygen to produce NO, citrulline and NADP (Knowles and Moncada (1994); Marletta (1994).

How Nitric Oxide Signals

Explaining the action of nitric oxide as a signaling gas molecule led to the Nobel Prize in Psychology/Medicine in 1998, as it was the first to show that a gas molecule is produced by one cell, immediately transported to other cells, and then acts as a signaling molecule in cells . For example, NO produced by eNOS in endothelial cells is transported to adjacent smooth muscle cells, where it initiates a cascade of reactions by activating soluble guanylate cyclase, which accelerates the production of cyclic GMP. An increase in cGMP levels causes the activation of protein kinase G (PKG), which in turn phosphorylates myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatases (thus activating them). In turn, activated MLC phosphatase dephosphorylates MLC, which leads to smooth muscle cell relaxation and thus vascular relaxation. Nitric oxide signals by stimulating its receptor, the soluble guanylyl cyclase receptor, and increasing cellular levels of a signaling molecule called cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP). Additional players in the regulation of vascular tone include the phosphodiesterase family (PDE 1-11), which accelerate the hydrolysis of cGMP to the 3′ end product, effectively stopping NO-mediated vascular relaxation. Due to the limited regulation of eNOS and NO production, it is difficult to modulate vascular relaxation by influencing eNOS activity. Due to the physiological importance of PDEs in controlling cGMP levels, they are becoming a popular target when it comes to vascular relaxation and blood flow. The treatments include drugs such as Viagra, Cialis and Levitra, all of which inhibit PDE-5, which is particularly expressed in smooth muscle cells in the corpus cavernosum of the penis. Since the inhibition of these enzymes leads to the accumulation of cGMP, it becomes significantly possible to increase the vasodilatory effect of NO. Phosphodiesterases are negative regulators of cGMP and cAMP (they hydrolyze these molecules). While not all PDE enzymes can target the cGMP-induced action of NO on guanylate cyclase, a small number have the ability to control NO signaling through disruption of a key signaling messenger molecule (cGMP).

Oxidation potential

NO can theoretically break down into a molecule known as peroxynitrate (OONO-), which is the result of the reaction of NO with superoxide anions (O2-). OONO- also acts as a reactive signaling molecule, although the end result is the formation of some structures that are negative for the organism; OONO- can nitrosylate (transfer a nitrogen group) to amino acids to form compounds such as 3-nitrotyrosine or S-nitrosocysteine, form protein carbonyls, or nitrosylate phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In this sense, nitric oxide can be used as a substrate by superoxide in order to form reactive compounds that have a negative effect on health, despite the fact that NO is relatively beneficial to the body. Nitric oxide can be transformed (by combining with superoxide radicals) into the form of peroxynitrate, which can then form many molecules that are associated with an unhealthy state and are presumably related to pathologies.

Pharmacology

Additional nitric oxide

NO, which is synthesized in the body and subsequently released into the blood, has a half-life of 5 seconds or less, and some complexes can be created in the laboratory to increase the half-life to 445 seconds or so for research purposes. These short half-lives are indicative of the rapid breakdown of the nitric oxide molecule into its constituents (nitrogen and oxygen), while proper storage of NO can extend the shelf life only up to 5 days when using Mylar balloons, which retard degradation. Due to low persistence outside the body, nitric oxide is essentially never used as a supplement, rather compounds are used that can be stored in the blood for long enough to continuously produce new NO. Nitric oxide is essentially unstable and has a short half-life; it provides immediate benefits, but is of no value as a supplement or on its own. NO supplementation requires other compounds that affect the internal nitric oxide production system.

Physiology

The cardiovascular system

Nitric oxide is related to relaxation of the nasty vascular muscles, which is the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effect of nitric oxide (by lowering blood pressure).

neuronal action

Nitric oxide modulates ion channels, innate excitability, mediates synaptic plasticity, and can permeate cell membranes. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is able to form a dimer with a protein known as PSD95, and this complex is a positive regulator of depression, since inhibition of the nNOS-PSD95 interaction has an antidepressant effect. This complex is activated after activation of the NMDA receptor.

Additive

Nitric oxide donors

Some additives that target NO production are merely sources of nitrogen that the NOS enzyme can use to produce NO. Arginine is the standard NO donor in the supplement, with citrulline being the most bioavailable form of arginine. Other NO donors include S-nitrosoglutathione (formed endogenously) or two classes of N-diazenium diolates or S-nitrosothiols, the latter of which contain endogenous S-nitrosoglutathione. Some compounds merely provide the enzyme with nitrogen to produce nitric oxide.

NITRIC OXIDE AND HEALTH

NITRIC OXIDE (NO) FUNCTIONS VERSATILELY IN THE BODY.
This page lists the various research findings that have been made on the effects of NO.

BLOOD VESSELS
NO regulates vasodilation i.e. vasodilation. Nitric oxide plays an important role in this - regulation of systolic pressure and blood vessels. NO also regulates glomerular and medullary blood flow and relieves tension in the lower urinary tract. With the help of NO, new blood vessels are formed in the body (angiogenesis). With NO, the improved blood supply works in the following ways:
heals wounds
restores lost sensitivity
helps relieve pain
accelerates fracture healing
normalizes blood pressure
improves blood supply to capillaries (tissue nutrition)
enhances the action of antibiotics
strengthens the immune system (increases the number of T-cells)

CHOLESTEROL
Increasing the amount of nitric oxide reduces the harmful effects of cholesterol. Lack of NO causes the inability of blood vessels to dilate in stressful situations. The same phenomenon is observed in people who have markedly elevated cholesterol levels.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
An increase in the amount of nitric oxide in cells leads to an extension of cell life. This can be used in non-degenerative diseases where cells die prematurely. These diseases are Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

TUMORS AND CANCER
Antioxidants protect cells. If the protection of antioxidants is lost, then the life of the cell depends on NO. If NO leaves the cell, then the cell dies. The departure of NO from cells is welcomed by pathogenic and tumor cells. If a lot of NO leaves tumor cells, then macrophages destroy tumor cells. Nitric oxide created from iNOS can interfere with tumor growth. (Weiming Xu, Lizhi Liu, and Ian G. Charles, Microencapsulated iNOS-expressing cells cause tumor suppression in mice, FASEB J, 16, 213-215(2002))
Nitric oxide can inhibit neoplasia and stomach cancer. (Chinthalapally V. Rao, Nitric oxide signaling in colon cancer chemoprevention, Mutation Research 2004 555: 107-119 Review).

BONE
The activity of bone tissue cells - osteoblasts - stimulates nitric oxide and thereby creates new bone tissue. On the other hand, NO inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which destroy bone tissue. NO takes care of the metabolism of the bone so that the creation of bone is faster than its destruction. Thus, a sufficient presence of nitric oxide leads to a rapid recovery.

vivacity
Blood circulation and nerve impulses are fast. The addition of a small amount of NO improves vasodilation (regulates blood vessel tone) and increases sensitivity (NO is a neurotransmitter).

AGE
NO and no other substance can stop aging. Nitric oxide can effectively prevent blood vessel thrombosis. In addition, NO accelerates wound healing and recovery after surgery. There has been strong evidence that NO protects the liver and effectively strengthens the immune system. All this indicates that NO has an effect on life extension. The need for nitric oxide increases with age, because. the natural production of NO in the body decreases.

METABOLIC SYNDROME
Diabetes researcher Gerald Raven in 1988 gave a general name to the risk factors for heart attack. He tried to show that especially in men, the presence of belly fat, low HDL-cholesterol, increased insulin levels in the blood and high blood pressure are associated with the same underlying disease. This was later referred to as the metabolic syndrome. According to Reaven, insulin resistance is the main factor in a heart attack. Many studies indicate that a lack of nitric oxide is the cause of diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes in adults, pressure problems and chronic fatigue syndrome.

PRESSURE
High blood pressure is often a signal that the metabolic process is disturbed, and often the main reason for this is a decrease in the production of nitric oxide in the body.

AIDS
Nitric oxide reduces or prevents the replication of the HIV virus (Torre D, Pugliese A, Speranza F., Role of nitric oxide in HIV-1 infection: friend or foe?, Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Mar;3(3):128-9; author reply 129-30).
ERECTION
Under the influence of nitric oxide, the penis becomes elastic (A.L. Burnett et al, "Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection," Science, July 17, 1992).
Recent research shows that nitric oxide is an erection-holding gas (K.J. Hurt et al., "Alternatively spliced ​​neuronal nitric oxide synthase mediates penile erection," PNAS).

For many years, nitric oxide was considered an elusive substance, as it is a gas that decomposes within three seconds of synthesis. Scientists knew for sure only that a substance is synthesized in the blood vessels, which contributes to the instant relaxation of the smooth muscles of the vessels. As a result, this leads to a decrease in blood pressure and a sharp increase in blood flow velocity.

Only in 1998, scientists were able to isolate nitric oxide and received the Nobel Prize for this. They also managed to show the effects that nitric oxide has on the cardiovascular system. But not only this is interesting for NO, but also for a large number of other functions. For example, nitric oxide helps create new connections between the cells of the nervous system in the brain. Today, scientists know that at a low level of NO, the substance is very beneficial for the body, but at high concentrations it can become a powerful toxin.

First of all, this fact is explained by the fact that nitric oxide is a free radical, which under certain conditions turns into peroxynitrite. This substance poses a serious danger to the cellular structures of all tissues of the body. If a person develops blood poisoning (sepsis), then the power of septic shock is precisely related to the level of nitric oxide.

Relatively recently, scientists managed to figure out the reason why strength training can avoid a heart attack. This is due to the fact that under the influence of loads, the production of nitric oxide is accelerated, which is stored in reserve in the heart and blood in the form of two substances - nitrosothiol and nitrate. If necessary, these precursors can be rapidly converted to NO. This is what contributes to an increase in the speed of blood flow and, as a result, improves the supply of oxygen to the heart. Strength training also contributes to the acceleration of the synthesis of the main synthetase responsible for the production of nitric oxide.

How to increase nitric oxide levels?

You should also remember the ability of NO to increase the rate of synthesis of anabolic hormones, which significantly accelerates the recovery processes. The vast majority of supplements contain arginine, which is the main precursor of nitric oxide in the body.

We have already said that at a certain concentration of nitric oxide, the blood flow rate increases sharply and, as a result, muscle pumping and the quality of tissue nutrition improve. But at the same time, nitric oxide also contributes to the acceleration of growth hormone synthesis, which means that it takes less time to restore the body. It should also be reminded of the ability of nitric oxide to activate the growth of satellite cells, due to which the mechanisms of recovery and growth are triggered.

Most NO supplements contain the amino acid arginine. This substance is a nitric oxide donator and many people know about it. However, the main factor that inhibits the production of NO is by no means arginine, but specific enzymes located in endothelial tissues. If a person has damage to the endothelial tissue, which can be caused, for example, by high blood pressure, then the performance of enzymes that synthesize nitric oxide is disrupted. Their use of arginine supplements can accelerate the production of NO.

But even if the athlete does not have damage to the endothelial tissues, then a second problem is possible, limiting the rate of production of nitric oxide. We are now talking about the enzyme arginase. This substance is involved in the process of splitting arginine. The higher the amine concentration, the more active the arginase.

In one study, 20 to 30 grams of arginine was administered intravenously to promote nitric oxide synthesis. The results were excellent. However, when using oral forms of arginine, this success cannot be repeated. This is due to the fact that when using more than 10 grams of tableted arginine, the digestive tract is disrupted. However, the concentration of NO is excessively high and is not required, as this substance can become a toxin.

You must remember that nitric oxide is synthesized under the influence of physical activity and the higher your training experience, the more NO is produced in the body. This is one of the reasons for the improvement of the work of the heart and vascular system under the influence of physical activity. We have already said that nitric oxide is a gas that quickly breaks down after production. For this reason, to determine the concentration of a substance, it is necessary to examine its metabolites.

Not only arginine increases the rate of production of nitric oxide. For example, garlic contains a group of sulfur precursors NO, and watermelons contain cyrulin, which is also capable of converting to arginine, and then to nitric oxide. Due to the presence of polyphenols in cocoa, which inhibit the destruction of nitric oxide, this product also leads to an acceleration of NO synthesis.

More recently, scientists have studied supplements containing pyrites (found in beets) and a special enzyme (found in hawthorn) that speeds up the conversion of pyrites to nitrates and then to nitric oxide. This supplement not only increased the concentration of nitric oxide, but the substances included in its composition were able to bypass the arginine barrier. Vitamin C also has a stimulating effect on the rate of NO production. Scientists are now looking for other substances that may be more effective in accelerating the production of nitric oxide compared to the now common arginine.

For more information on nitrogen balance, see this video:

Recently, an avalanche-like increase in the number of scientific publications on the study of the role of nitric oxide has been noticeable. Three American scientists Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad received the Nobel Prize in 1998. The goal of the scientists was to study the so-called. endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). An unexpected and important discovery was the fact that EDRF is nitric oxide (NO). The two most important roles of NO are regulation of blood vessel tone and being a transmitter substance in the brain.

Story

1628 William Harvey discovered the circulatory system.

1733 Stephen Hales measured blood pressure.

1846 Ascanio Sobrero made nitroglycerin.

1854 Karl von Vierordt was the first to measure pressure indirectly.

1879 William Murrell discovered that nitroglycerin could be used to treat coronary arteries.

1977 Ferid Murad discovered that nitric oxide dilates blood vessels and causes smooth muscle relaxation.

1978 Louis Ignarro injected liquid nitric oxide near the veins and the result was relaxation of the blood vessels.

1980 Robert Furchgott discovered that endothelial release factor (EDRF), which relaxes blood vessels.

1981 Ignarro discovered that NO prevents the accumulation of blood cells and prevents them from sticking together and clumping by adding guanosine monophosphate (GMP), which relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels.

1981 Steven Tannenbaum discovered that mammals produce nitrates.

1983 Murad and later other researchers discovered that the relaxation of blood vessels is associated with an increase in the number of GMPs.

1985 Michael Marletta reveals that mouse macrophages produce nitrate and nitrite.

1986 Ignarro ja Furchgott report at the same meeting independently that EDRF is identical to NO.

1987 John Hibbs and Michael Marletta discovered that arginine increases nitrate and nitrite production in macrophages.

1988 Moncada discovered that L-arginine produces nitric oxide.

1988 John Garthwaite discovered that nitric oxide is released from nerve endings.

1998 Furchgott, Murad and Ignarro receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Formation of nitric oxide in the body

There are approximately 20 amino acids in the human body. Of these, l-arginine and molecular oxygen form no. L-arginine is the only donor of no. Getting nutrients is very important. L-arginine is obtained for example from nuts or rice. In addition to this, we need folic acid, magnesium and a substance called tetrahydro-biopterin. The formation of no also requires nitric oxide synthase (nos).

In 1988, it was discovered that endothelial vascular relaxation factor (edrf, endothelium-derived relaxing factor) is nitric oxide. As a result, nitric oxide was repeatedly studied over the following decades. It has been discovered that nitric oxide is produced in the brain, nerve endings, muscles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, bones, macrophages, epidermis and red blood cells.

No is freely present in the body for only 1-2 seconds and quickly binds itself to proteins and peptides. Thus "activated" proteins can act up to 6 hours. Excess nitric oxide is quickly converted to nitrates and nitrites.

Nitric oxide and health

Blood vessels

NO regulates vasodilation i.e. vasodilation. Nitric oxide plays an important role in this - regulation of systolic pressure and blood vessels. NO also regulates glomerular and medullary blood flow and relieves tension in the lower urinary tract. With the help of NO, new blood vessels are formed in the body (angiogenesis). With NO, the improved blood supply works in the following ways:

Heals wounds

Restores lost sensitivity

Helps relieve pain

Accelerates healing of fractures

Normalizes pressure

Improves blood supply to capillaries (tissue nutrition)

Enhances the effect of antibiotics

Strengthens the immune system (increases the number of T-cells)

Cholesterol

Increasing the amount of nitric oxide reduces the harmful effects of cholesterol. Lack of NO causes the inability of blood vessels to dilate in stressful situations. The same phenomenon is observed in people who have markedly elevated cholesterol levels.

central nervous system

An increase in the amount of nitric oxide in cells leads to an extension of cell life. This can be used in non-degenerative diseases where cells die prematurely. These diseases are Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Tumors and cancer

Antioxidants protect cells. If the protection of antioxidants is lost, then the life of the cell depends on NO. If NO leaves the cell, then the cell dies. The departure of NO from cells is welcomed by pathogenic and tumor cells. If a lot of NO leaves tumor cells, then macrophages destroy tumor cells. Nitric oxide created from iNOS can interfere with tumor growth. (Weiming Xu, Lizhi Liu, and Ian G. Charles, Microencapsulated iNOS-expressing cells cause tumor suppression in mice, FASEB J, 16, 213-215(2002))

Nitric oxide can inhibit neoplasia and stomach cancer. (Chinthalapally V. Rao, Nitric oxide signaling in colon cancer chemoprevention, Mutation Research 2004 555: 107-119 Review).

The activity of bone tissue cells - osteoblasts - stimulates nitric oxide and thereby creates new bone tissue. On the other hand, NO inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which destroy bone tissue. NO takes care of the metabolism of the bone so that the creation of bone is faster than its destruction. Thus, a sufficient presence of nitric oxide leads to a rapid recovery.

cheerfulness

Blood circulation and nerve impulses are fast. The addition of a small amount of NO improves vasodilation (regulates blood vessel tone) and increases sensitivity (NO is a neurotransmitter).

NO and no other substance can stop aging. Nitric oxide can effectively prevent blood vessel thrombosis. In addition, NO accelerates wound healing and recovery after surgery. There has been strong evidence that NO protects the liver and effectively strengthens the immune system. All this indicates that NO has an effect on life extension. The need for nitric oxide increases with age, because. the natural production of NO in the body decreases.

metabolic syndrome

Diabetes researcher Gerald Raven in 1988 gave a general name to the risk factors for heart attack. He tried to show that especially in men, the presence of belly fat, low HDL-cholesterol, increased insulin levels in the blood and high blood pressure are associated with the same underlying disease. This was later referred to as the metabolic syndrome. According to Reaven, insulin resistance is the main factor in a heart attack. Many studies indicate that a lack of nitric oxide is the cause of diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes in adults, pressure problems and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Pressure

High blood pressure is often a signal that the metabolic process is disturbed, and often the main reason for this is a decrease in the production of nitric oxide in the body.

Nitric oxide reduces or prevents the replication of the HIV virus (Torre D, Pugliese A, Speranza F., Role of nitric oxide in HIV-1 infection: friend or foe?, Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Mar;3(3):128-9; author reply 129-30).

Under the influence of nitric oxide, the penis becomes elastic (A.L. Burnett et al, "Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection," Science, July 17, 1992). Recent research shows that nitric oxide is an erection-holding gas (K.J. Hurt et al., "Alternatively spliced ​​neuronal nitric oxide synthase mediates penile erection," PNAS,

Need for nitric oxide

The need for nitric oxide increases in the following cases:

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Excess weight

Metabolic disorders (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia)

Diabetes disease (diabetes, type 1 and 2)

Heart diseases

Blood clots in the blood vessels (atherosclerosis)

Smoking

Aging

Diseases of the blood vessels

If the endothelial cells of the blood vessels are damaged and do not function properly, then this can cause the following problems and diseases:

a) Vasoconstriction (eg: coronary artery vasospasm, high blood pressure)

b) The collection of blood cells and their strengthening on the walls of blood vessels - this leads to thrombosis.

c) The overproduction of leukocytes and the attachment of molecules to cells leads to an inflammatory process.

d) Narrowing of the blood vessels (stenosis) or widening or new narrowing.

e) Increased inflammation and tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species - superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Plants create nitric oxide:

Identification of a plant nitric oxide synthase gene involved in hormonal signaling, Guo FQ, Okamoto M, Crawford NM, 302(5642):100-3, Oct 3, 2003, Science

Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase activity in plants. del Rio LA, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB.,65(7):783-92, Apr, 2004, Phytochemistry.

Nitric oxide regulates the growth of blood vessels:

Nitric oxide synthase lies downstream from vascular endothelial growth factor-induced but not basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis, M. Ziche, L. Morbidelli,R. ChoudhuriDagger, H. ZhangDagger, S. Donnini, H. J. Granger, R. Bicknell Dagger, Volume 99, Number 11, June 1997, 2625-2634, J. Clin. Invest.

Nitric oxide accelerates fracture healing:

Nitric oxide modulates fracture healing, Diwan AD, Wang MX, Jang D, Zhu W, Murrell GA, 15(2):342-51, Feb 2000, J Bone Miner Res.

Nitric oxide and wound healing:

Role of nitric oxide in wound healing, DEFron DT, Most D, Barbul A. 3(3):197-204, May 2000, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care

Details on my website:

http://www.corp-enliven.narod.ru

Due to the fact that nitrogen exhibits different valences in its compounds, several oxides are characteristic of this element: dinitrogen oxide, mono-, tri-, di- and pentoxides of nitrogen. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

DEFINITION

dinitrogen oxide(laughing gas, nitrous oxide) is a colorless gas, thermally stable.

Poorly soluble in water. With strong cooling, the N 2 O × 5.75H 2 O clarate crystallizes from the solution.

DEFINITION

nitrogen monoxide It can exist both as a colorless gas and as a blue liquid.

In the solid state, it is completely dimerized (N 2 O 2), in the liquid state - partially (≈ 25% N 2 O 2), in the gas - to a very small extent. Extremely thermally stable. Poorly soluble in water.

DEFINITION

nitrogen trioxide is a thermally unstable blue liquid.

At room temperature, it decomposes by 90% into NO and NO 2 and turns brown (NO 2), does not have a boiling point (NO evaporates first). In the solid state, it is a white or bluish substance with an ionic structure - nitrosyl nitrite (NO +) (NO 2 -). In gas, it has the molecular structure ON-NO 2 .

DEFINITION

nitrogen dioxide(fox tail) is a brown gas.

At temperatures above 135 o C - it is a monomer, at room temperature - a red-brown mixture of NO 2 and its dimer (nitrogen tetroxide) N 2 O 4 . The dimer is colorless in the liquid state and white in the solid state. It dissolves well in cold water (saturated solution - bright green), completely reacting with it.

DEFINITION

Nitrogen Pentoxide (Nitric Anhydride) is a white solid, colorless gas and liquid.

When heated, it sublimates and melts; at room temperature, it decomposes in 10 hours. In the solid state, it has an ionic structure (NO 2 +) (NO 3 -) - nitroyl nitrate.

Table 1. Physical properties of nitrogen oxides.

Obtaining nitric oxide

Under laboratory conditions, dinitrogen oxide is obtained by gently heating dry ammonium nitrate (1) or by heating a mixture of sulfamic and nitric (73%) acids (2):

NH 4 NO 3 \u003d N 2 O + 2H 2 O (1);

NH 2 SO 2 OH + HNO 3 \u003d N 2 O + H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O (2).

Nitrogen monoxide is obtained by the interaction of simple substances nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures (≈1300 o C):

N 2 + O 2 \u003d 2NO.

In addition, nitric oxide (II) is one of the products of the reaction of dissolving copper in dilute nitric acid:

3Cu + 8HNO 3 \u003d 3Cu (NO 3) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O.

When cooling a mixture of gases consisting of nitrogen oxides (II) and (IV) to -36 o C, nitrogen trioxide is formed:

NO + NO 2 \u003d N 2 O 3.

This compound can be obtained by the action of 50% nitric acid on arsenic (III) oxide (3) or starch (4):

2HNO 3 + As 2 O 3 = NO 2 + NO + 2HAsO 3 (3);

HNO 3 + (C 6 H 10 O 5) n = 6nNO + 6nNO 2 + 6nCO 2 + 11nH 2 O (4).

Thermal decomposition of lead (II) nitrate leads to the formation of nitrogen dioxide:

2Pb (NO 3) 2 \u003d 2PbO + 4NO 2 + O 2.

The same compound is formed when copper is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid:

Cu + 4HNO 3 \u003d Cu (NO 3) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O.

Nitrogen pentoxide is obtained by passing dry chlorine over dry silver nitrate (5), as well as by the reaction of interaction between nitrogen oxide (IV) and ozone (6):

2Cl 2 + 4AgNO 3 = 2N 2 O 5 + 4AgCl + O 2 (5);

2NO 2 + O 3 = N 2 O 5 + O 2 (6).

Chemical properties of nitric oxide

Dianitrogen oxide is low reactive, does not react with dilute acids, alkalis, ammonia hydrate, oxygen. When heated, it reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrogen, metals, ammonia. Supports combustion of carbon and phosphorus. In OVR, it can exhibit the properties of both a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent.

Nitrogen monoxide does not react with water, dilute acids, alkalis, ammonia hydrate. Instantly adds oxygen. When heated, it reacts with halogens and other non-metals, strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Enters into complexation reactions.

Nitrogen trioxide exhibits acidic properties, reacts with water, alkalis, ammonia hydrate. Vigorously reacts with oxygen and ozone, oxidizes metals.

Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water and alkalis. In OVR, it exhibits the properties of a strong oxidizing agent. Causes corrosion of metals.

Nitrogen pentoxide exhibits acidic properties, reacts with water, alkalis, ammonia hydrate. It is a very strong oxidizing agent.

Application of nitric oxide

Dianitrogen oxide is used in the food industry (propellant in the manufacture of whipped cream), medicine (for inhalation anesthesia), and also as the main component of rocket fuel.

Nitrogen trioxide and dioxide are used in inorganic synthesis to produce nitric and sulfuric acids. Nitric oxide (IV) has also found use as one of the components of rocket fuel and mixed explosives.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2