P covenants. Testaments of Ilyich

Testaments of Ilyich(or Lenin's testaments) - a phrase popular in Soviet times, which indicated that the Soviet country was living and developing along the path outlined by its founder Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Sometimes Lenin’s last articles and notes were considered testaments; in other cases, a wider range of works were classified as testaments. Some of Lenin's quotes have gained particular popularity as testaments, for example: “Study, study, study, as the great Lenin bequeathed.” During the years of democratization, Lenin’s behest to remove Stalin from the post of Secretary General surfaced and became the subject of discussion. It was also discussed that Lenin may have bequeathed something completely different from what socialist construction led to. Official propaganda claimed that the country's leaders strictly followed the precepts, so they were invariably called “faithful Leninists.” Some communist parties (Yugoslavia, China) were criticized for deviating from Lenin's precepts. The name “Testaments of Ilyich” was assigned to a significant number of objects: plants and factories, state farms and collective farms.

Stalin and post-Stalin period

The concept of “Lenin’s covenants” was introduced into circulation by J.V. Stalin, who in a speech at the 2nd Congress of Soviets said:

When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to hold high and keep in purity the great title of party member. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve the unity of our party like the apple of our eye. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve and strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our strength in order to fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to strengthen with all our might the alliance of workers and peasants. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to strengthen and expand the union of republics. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us loyalty to the principles of the communist international. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our lives in order to strengthen and expand the union of workers of the whole world - the communist international! (...)

A year later, Stalin repeated the term in a short article “Working women and peasant women, fulfill Ilyich’s commandments!”:

A year ago, when he left us, the great leader and teacher of the working people, our Lenin, left us behests and showed us the path along which we should go towards the final victory of communism. Fulfill these behests of Ilyich, working women and peasant women! Raise your children in the spirit of these covenants! Comrade Lenin left us a behest to strengthen the alliance of workers and peasants with all our might. Strengthen this union, working women and peasant women! Comrade Lenin taught the working people to support the working class in its struggle against the bourgeoisie, internal and external. Remember this covenant, working women and peasant women! Support the power of the working class, which is building a new life! Comrade Lenin taught us to hold high the banner of the Communist Party, the leader of all the oppressed. Rally around this party, workers and peasants - it is your party! On the day of the anniversary of Ilyich’s death, the party gives a cry - wider road for the working woman and peasant woman who are building a new life together with the party.

In the post-Stalin period, the terms “Lenin’s Course” and “Ilyich’s Testaments” were often used to contrast the methods of Lenin and Stalin. At the same time, in late Soviet times, this began to be called everything that seemed “democratic”, different from “totalitarianism”, which was associated with Stalin.

Usage examples

• “Working Moscow”, January 20, 1925: Lenin's Testament - attention to children- We do it to the best of our ability. We recently opened a kindergarten. The RCP cell put a lot of care and love into its organization. The kids feel great in the garden... We can safely say that these children are receiving a truly healthy upbringing to Ilyich's behests.
• The party is dear. “Pravda”, January 21, 1939: We will go, Comrade Lenin, // Po your covenants, // Lenin’s truth is walking // All over the world. // And in our native country, collective farms // Will grow everywhere. // And you, Comrade Lenin, // Will be forever remembered!
• Regimental Commissar N. Osipov. Just and Unjust Wars: Faithful to Lenin's behests and Stalin’s instructions, the Red Army will cross the borders of the aggressor, crush the enemy with the power of its weapons and with an armed hand will help the workers of the aggressor countries to overthrow capitalist slavery.
• Bolshevik daring. “Pravda”, January 21, 1939: Underground gasification is Leninism in action, the embodiment of one of the geniuses Lenin's Testaments. On May 4, 1913, Lenin’s short article “One of the Great Victories of Technology” appeared in the Pravda newspaper. Lenin responded to the message about the discovery of a method for directly extracting gas from coal seams. In the idea of ​​underground gasification, V.I. Lenin saw a “giant technical revolution”, saw the opportunity to “use twice the share of energy contained in coal...” “The revolution in industry caused by this discovery,” Lenin predicted, “will be enormous.”
• Valentin Kataev. The party is leading us. “Izvestia”, March 8, 1953: Over the tomb of the immortal Lenin, Stalin took a great oath to sacredly fulfill Ilyich's behests. Over the tomb of the immortal Stalin, we take a great oath to sacredly fulfill his behests.
• To the fields and farms. “Pravda”, June 29, 1971: Boys and girls who graduated from high school this year came to the ancient Azov village of Peshkovo from all over the Azov region. Why in Peshkovo? Yes, because on the collective farm "Testaments of Ilyich" The famous grain grower, Hero of Socialist Labor Fyodor Yakovlevich Kanivets lives and works.
• Solemn promise of a pioneer of the Soviet Union: “I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union.”

Popular testament quotes

• Study, study, study. It is a common misconception that Lenin said this phrase at the III All-Russian Congress of the RKSM on October 2, 1920. In fact, although he spoke in this speech about the need to learn communism, he did not repeat the word “learn” three times. But in the article “The Retrograde Direction in Russian Social Democracy” (z, published in g) he used the following repetition:

At a time when educated society is losing interest in honest, illegal literature, a passionate desire for knowledge and socialism is growing among the workers, real heroes stand out among the workers, who - despite the ugly conditions of their lives, despite the stultifying hard labor in the factory - find in themselves so much character and willpower that study, study and study and develop ourselves into conscious social democrats, “workers’ intelligentsia.”

We need to set ourselves the task of updating our state apparatus at all costs: firstly - to study, secondly - to study and thirdly - to study and then check that science does not remain a dead letter or a fashionable phrase in our country (and this, let’s face it, happens especially often in our country), that science really enters into flesh and blood, turns into an integral element of everyday life in a completely and real way.

...every moment free from combat activity, from war, we must use for study, and first of all. The entire party and all layers of Russia prove this with their thirst for knowledge. This desire for learning shows that the most important task for us now is: study and study.

Master science, forge new cadres of Bolsheviks - specialists in all branches of knowledge, study, study, study in the most stubborn way - that is now the task.

Poster by Alexander Lemeschenko “GOELRO Plan”

• Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country. According to this instruction, Ilyich's light bulbs were lit throughout Russia. The phrase was said in the speech “Our external and internal situation and tasks of the party” at the Moscow provincial conference of the RCP (b) in 1920:

Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country, because without electrification it is impossible to raise industry... Communism presupposes Soviet power as a political body that gives the opportunity to the mass of the oppressed to do all things - without this communism is impossible... This ensures the political side, but the economic one can be ensured only when there is truly a Russian proletarian state all the threads of a large industrial machine, built on the foundations of modern technology, will be concentrated, and this means electrification, and for this we need to understand the basic conditions for the use of electricity and, accordingly, understand industry and agriculture.

• Less is more.
• Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us..

V. I. Lenin, in a conversation with A. V. Lunacharsky in February 1922, “once again emphasized the need to establish a certain proportion between fascinating films and scientific ones.” Vladimir Ilyich, A.V. Lunacharsky writes in his memoirs, told me that the production of new films, imbued with communist ideas, reflecting Soviet reality, must begin with chronicles, which, in his opinion, the time for the production of such films may not yet it has arrived. “If you have a good chronicle, serious and educational pictures, then it doesn’t matter that to attract the public some useless film, more or less of the usual type, will be used. Of course, censorship is still needed. Counter-revolutionary and immoral films should not take place.” To this Vladimir Ilyich added: “As you get back on your feet thanks to proper management, and perhaps, with the general improvement of the country’s situation, you receive a certain loan for this business, you will have to expand production more widely, and especially promote healthy cinema in the masses in the city, and even more so in the countryside... You must firmly remember that of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us” (“Soviet Cinema” No. 1-2, 1933, p. 10).

Full composition of writings. - 5th ed. - T.44. - P.579

Lenin's last works

In December 1922, Lenin's health condition deteriorated sharply. During this period, however, he dictated several notes: “Letter to the Congress”, “On giving legislative functions to the State Planning Committee”, “On the issue of nationalities or “autonomization”, “Pages from the diary”, “On cooperation”, “ About our revolution (regarding N. Sukhanov’s notes)”, “How can we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)”, “Less is better”.

“Letter to the Congress” - Lenin’s testament

The “Letter to the Congress” dictated by Lenin () is often considered as Lenin’s testament. Some believe that this letter contained Lenin's real will, which Stalin later deviated from. Supporters of this point of view believe that if the country had developed along a truly Leninist path, many problems would not have arisen. The “Letter to the Congress” includes the following provisions:

• Increasing the number of members of the Central Committee to several dozen or even hundreds.
• Central Committee members such as Stalin and Trotsky are central to the issue of sustainability. The relationship between them constitutes more than half the danger of a split.
• Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, concentrated immense power in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be able to use this power carefully enough.
• Comrade Trotsky is perhaps the most capable person in the present Central Committee, but also overly grasping with self-confidence and excessive enthusiasm for the purely administrative side of the matter.
• These two qualities of two outstanding leaders of the modern Central Committee can inadvertently lead to a split.
• The October episode of Zinoviev and Kamenev, of course, was not an accident.
• Bukharin is not only the most valuable and largest theoretician of the party, he is also legitimately considered the favorite of the entire party, but his theoretical views can very doubtfully be classified as completely Marxist, because there is something scholastic in him (he never studied and, I think, never understood quite dialectic).
• Pyatakov is a man of undoubtedly outstanding will and outstanding abilities, but he is too keen on administration to be relied upon in a serious political matter.
• A few dozen workers, being part of the Central Committee, will be able, better than anyone else, to check, improve and recreate our apparatus.
• Stalin is too rude, and this shortcoming, quite tolerable in the environment and in communications between us communists, becomes intolerable in the position of General Secretary. Therefore, I suggest that the comrades consider a way to move Stalin from this place and appoint another person to this place, who in all other respects differs from Comrade. Stalin has only one advantage, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more attentive to his comrades, less capriciousness, etc. This circumstance may seem like an insignificant detail. But I think that from the point of view of protecting against a split and from the point of view of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky, this is not a trifle, or it is such a trifle that can become decisive.

Thus, the “Letter to the Congress” was rather of a recommendatory nature, although Nadezhda Krupskaya subsequently used the text of the “Letter” as direct evidence against Stalin, speaking about the mandatory implementation of the will of Lenin as the first socialist leader.

Implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism in the USSR

Party documents, scientific works and educational materials of the Soviet period interpreted the development of the USSR after Lenin's death as "the implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism." The position on the possibility of building socialism in a separate country (in contrast to the world revolution originally assumed by the classics of Marxism) is one of the main provisions of Leninism. The articles in which a plan for building socialism was developed were usually listed as “State and Revolution”, “Immediate tasks of Soviet power”, “Economics and politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat”, “Better less is better”, “On cooperation”. The following main stages in the implementation of Lenin's plan were identified:

• Socialist industrialization. Although the course towards industrialization was announced after Lenin's death by the XIV Party Congress in December 1925, it was often pointed out that this course was a continuation of Lenin's GOELRO plan.
• Cooperation of the peasantry. Assessing the role of the peasantry in the revolution was the subject of many of Lenin's works. One of the first acts of Soviet power was the Decree on Land. During the Civil War, peasants were forced to share food with workers through policies

Part one

Today I will tell you about the village of Zavety Ilyich, which is located between the village of Vanino ( which is long overdue for city status) and the city of Sovetskaya Gavan. Not exactly between, but along the way - just like that.

Reference. “The history of the village of Zavety Ilyich as a permanent settlement began in the late 20s of the 20th century. As local historian S. Smetanin writes, “in 1929, in the Astrakhan region, volunteers were registered to move to Sovetskaya Gavan to create a fishing collective farm. The first settlers liked the place and land, and in February 1930 the steamship Yerevan approached the harbor, bound by strong ice.

We unloaded directly onto the ice. Tents were set up on the Menshikov Peninsula. In the first batch there were only men. They had to build housing for families. At the general meeting, the board of the collective farm was elected, which was called “Ilyich’s Testaments”. Twenty-five thousandth Novikov became the chairman.

Later the collective farm was transferred to the shore of Severnaya Bay. The village was named Novoastrakhansky, and a village council was elected.

Many settlers had a hard time with climate change and poor living conditions. To improve nutrition, they organized a subsidiary farm on the Khadya River, then a dairy farm. But the fire that happened destroyed everything. And again we had to start all over again.

In 1934, the Novoastrakhan village council was liquidated, and the village was named Zavety Ilyich. At this time it had already become a large workers' village.

The collective farm grew stronger, and the village grew with it. But the war began. From the village, from the collective farm, the marines went into battle.

In 1947, the collective farm "Zavety Ilyich" was transferred to Southern Sakhalin in the Nevelskoy district. And the village of Zavety Ilyich retained its name."

It was, let's say, civil poetry. Why civilian? Anyone who is more or less familiar with the Far East knows that the army is our ffso. In the sense that the coast and further on dry land, i.e. along the land border - all of this is “inhabited” by the military. It was inhabited. Inhabited - it was built up with all sorts of previously ( and now) closed towns, structures of military units, fortifications and other militaristic goods. So here it is. Sovetskaya Gavan has always been a “refuge” for the Far Eastern Armed Forces ( walking, rolling and stationary), and the village of Zavety Ilyich, located near it, was for a long time... scary to say. Read in general.

"28th Nuclear Submarine Division

Base: Zavety Ilyich village, Postovaya b., Sovgavan - /project 613, 627, 659T/
Formed in 1981-82 as part of the Sakhalin flotilla / based on 110? division pl sludge/. After disbandment, a sludge division was formed at its base.

Commanders:
1985-1988 - Anokhin Nikolay Vasilievich candidate-administrator
1988-1990 - Denisov Anatoly Petrovich k1r
NS:
19??-1988 - Denisov Anatoly Petrovich
1988-19?? - Sysuev Yuri Nikolaevich

Historical reference
On November 21, 1939, the formation of the 5th STOF submarine brigade under the command of Captain 3rd Rank Serafim Evgenievich Chursin was completed.

The 5th Brigade included:
31 submarine divisions (4 “Shch” type submarines);
21 submarine divisions (4 M-type submarines);
25 submarine division (4 M-type submarines).

On March 12, 1941, the 5th submarine brigade was reorganized into the 3rd submarine brigade of the STOF. On January 1, 1955, on the basis of the 3rd submarine brigade, the 9th separate STOF submarine brigade was formed. On December 1, 1982, the 90th separate submarine brigade was reorganized into the 28th submarine division.

In August-December 1942, 252 sailors and 8 officers were sent to replenish the Red Army units. In 1943, the unit sent another 70 people to the fronts with Nazi Germany. Throughout the Second World War, the brigade's ships were in operational readiness and carried out reconnaissance missions. The submarines Shch-116, Shch-117, Shch-118, and Shch-119 went on combat missions.

On July 18, 1942, while stationed at the Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Naval Base, a disaster occurred as a result of sabotage - an explosion on the Shch-138 submarine. The submarine Shch-118 was also damaged. 43 people died.

On October 7, 1944, the 9th submarine division, consisting of 6 M-type submarines, left for the Black Sea Fleet to participate in hostilities against Nazi Germany.

During military operations against militaristic Japan, the Zarnitsa TFR carried out mine laying on the border of the naval base zone and in the Tatar Strait.

The brigade's submarines and ships participated in reconnaissance, transportation of fuel, landing of reconnaissance groups, and protection of mine positions in the northern part of the Tatar Strait.

For participation in battles during the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War, 78 sailors, foremen and officers of the brigade were awarded orders and medals of the USSR for their courage and bravery.

On June 1, 1990, the 28th submarine division was reorganized into the 60th submarine brigade. On December 31, 1992, the 60th submarine brigade was reorganized into the 36th submarine division of the Soviet-Havana Naval Base.

Compound composition:
"Shch-115", "Shch-116", "Shch-117", "Shch-118",
"Shch-119", "Shch-120", TFR "Zarnitsa", floating base "Kulu"
"M-25", "M-26", "M-27", "M-28", "M-43", "M-44", "M-45",
"M-46", "M-47", "M-48", "M-251", "M-252", "M-253", "M-285", "M-286", "M" -291", "M-292", "M-293", "M-294"
“S-23”, “S-25”, “S-26”, “S-68”, “S-77”, “S-78”, “S-86”, “S-87”, “S” -88", "S-94", "S-117", "S-118", "S-119", "S-220", "S-145", "S-221", "S-222" ", "S-237", "S-240", "S-262", "S-275", "S-278", "S-294", "S-328", "S-332", "S-334", "S-335", "S-336", "S-337", "S-359", "S-393", "S-176"
“K-14”, “K-45”, “K-133”, “K-151”, “K-259”, 120 crew, 127 crew.

Famous submarine formations:
Submarine "Shch-117" ("S-117")...
Nuclear submarine “K-14”…
Guards nuclear submarine "K-133"…
Nuclear submarine “K-151”…

Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Red Navy man Zonov,
captain 1st rank Golubev Dmitry Nikolaevich,
captain 2nd rank Lomov Eduard Dmitrievich,
Captain 2nd Rank Stolyarov Lev Nikolaevich,
Captain 2nd rank Usenko Nikolai Vitalievich,
engineer-captain 2nd rank Morozov Ivan Fedorovich.

Unit commanders:
Captain 3rd rank Chursin Serafim Evgenievich (1939);
Captain 1st rank Prokofiev Vladimir Matveevich (1952-1955);
Captain 2nd rank Bodarevsky Yuri Sergeevich (1952-1953);
Rear Admiral Pavel Denisovich Sukhomlinov (1955-1956);
Captain 1st Rank Kozin Alexander Gerasimovich (1956-1960);
Captain 1st Rank Ivanov Yuri Vasilievich (1960-1961);
Captain 1st Rank Speransky Nikolai Borisovich (1961-1968);
Captain 1st Rank Vitaly Aleksandrovich Kandalintsev (1970-1976), UPD ( from May 1972 to August 1976 - rear admiral) ;
Captain 1st Rank Vladimir Dmitrievich Zakharovsky (1976-1978);
Captain 1st Rank Kritsky Anatoly Nikiforovich (1978-1979);
Captain 1st Rank Boris Nikolaevich Pereborov (1979-1982);
Rear Admiral Anokhin Nikolai Vasilievich (1982-1987);
Captain 1st rank DenisovV Anatoly Petrovich (1987-1990);
Captain 1st rank Suvalov Yuri Vasilievich (1990-1993);
Captain 1st rank Peredero Vladimir Andreevich (1993-2003);
Captain 1st Rank Anikin Alexander Leonidovich (since 2003).”

Impressed? Of course!

In addition to submariners and marines, the 75th Aviation Commandant's Office (military unit 62429) was located in the village, and there is/was even a military airfield very close by ( I didn’t give away any state secrets?). But this is so, from what is accessible to the average person :) There must still be rocket scientists out there somewhere, but I don’t know.

Also in the village of Zavety Ilyich from 1955 to 1995 the Drama Theater of the Pacific Fleet was located ( theater! TOF! in the village!). It was organized in 1932, at the Vladivostok House of the Red Army and Navy. Before the war, such stage masters as A.D. Dikiy’s student Ya.S. Stein and Honored Artist of the RSFSR V.I. Moskvin worked in the theater. son of the famous Moscow Art Theater student I. M. Moskvin), People's Artist of the RSFSR, professor B. M. Sushkevich, student of V. Meyerhold N. N. Butorin, future director of the Leningrad Music Hall I. Rakhlin. During the Great Patriotic War, the theater toured military units and ships of the Pacific Fleet, and when the war with Japan began, the team, divided into front-line brigades, worked in the active army and participated in the liberation of China and Korea.

In 1996, the theater returned from Zavety to Vladivostok.

What else is the village famous for? Not far from it the famous frigate Pallada rested on its last raid. Don't know what "Pallada" is? Well, finally... Then here you go. Read, Far Easterners, listen to these names and events! There is a lot of text, but you must know it.

"... The fate of the military frigate "Pallada" from its very birth was unusual and surprising. Suffice it to say that the first commander of the ship was the wonderful Russian naval commander Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, who had previously sailed around the world on the frigate "Cruiser"... The frigate was built according to the best models of its time, made of first-class materials and differed from most other ships in its emphasized rigor of lines and elegant finishing. And this is not surprising: after all, its construction was led by the most experienced shipbuilder, Colonel Stoke... The sailing ship was built in just under a year, and on September 1, 1832, it left the stocks.

Here are some data about the frigate: its length is 52.7 meters, width - 13.3 meters, speed - 12 knots. The ship was equipped with 52 guns...

When the crew was tasked with circumnavigating the world, the Pallada was already celebrating its twentieth anniversary... The frigate set sail from the port of Kronstadt to foreign shores on a stormy autumn day in 1852. The Pallada was commanded by Lieutenant-Commander I. S. Unkovsky, a student of Admiral Lazarev, an excellent navigator, strong-willed and intelligent commander.

His team included captain-lieutenant K. Posyet, lieutenants - V. Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Butakov, P. Tikhmenev, N. Kridner, S. Tyrkov, N. Savich, S. Schwartz, I. Belavenets, A. Schliepenbach , midshipmen - P. Anzhu, A. Bolotin. P. Zeleny, A. Kolokoltsev, naval artillery captain K. Losev, non-commissioned officer V. Plyushkin, naval navigator corps staff captain A. Khalezov, lieutenant L. Popov 1st, second lieutenant I. Moiseev 3rd, head of the skipper's unit, second lieutenant Y. Isto min, senior doctor, staff physician A. Arefiev, junior doctor G. Weirich, corps of naval engineers, second lieutenant I. Zarubin, Archimandrite Avvakum, collegiate assessor O. Goshkevich, midshipmen - 4, cadets - 1, non-commissioned officer officers - 32, privates - 365, non-combatants - 30, musicians - 26. The main goal of the expedition, headed by Admiral E.V. Putyatin, was to conclude a trade treaty with Japan.

To compile a chronicle of the voyage and keep minutes during negotiations with Japanese representatives, the admiral included one more person in the team and in connection with this a special order was issued “On the appointment of collegiate assessor Goncharov, who holds the position of head of the department of foreign trade, as secretary under Adjutant General Putyatin for the duration of the long-term voyage of the frigate "Pallada", about the monetary allowance of this official." This official was Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov. He actually served as a collegiate assessor at that time, but was widely known to reading Russia as a wonderful writer, the author of the popular novel “Ordinary History,” which Belinsky himself admired. Going on a long sea voyage has been his cherished desire since childhood.

“I kept dreaming - and dreaming for a long time - about this voyage,” he wrote, stepping onto the deck of the frigate Pallada, “perhaps from the moment when the teacher told me that if you drive from some point non-stop, you will return to her from the other side..."

One misfortune followed another... But even more severe trials befell them in the Pacific Ocean... The expedition, led by the famous naturalist Lieutenant-Commander Konstantin Nikolaevich Posyet, carried out a survey and inventory of the coast that was important for science, and made a number of valuable amendments to the maps that were then in use sailors from different countries, and, in addition, three convenient anchorages for ships were opened. New anchorages received Russian names - Unkovsky Bay, Lazarev Port and Posiet Bay...

On the thirteenth day, the Pallada entered the port of Hong Kong. Here the admiral first learned about the Russian-Turkish conflict. A war with England and France was brewing... "Pallada" headed for the Ryu-kyu Islands, visited the port of Napa on the island of Okinawa, and on February 9 the admiral sent the frigate to Manila, not knowing that it was on that day that England and France terminated the treaty with Russia. The English Admiral Price was already pulling a squadron of ships to the shores of Chile to attack the frigate Pallada and capture it. An old, worn-out sailing ship, of course, would not have been able to cope with propeller-driven ships, but he still decided to “shake off the old days” and began to prepare for battle. In the event of encirclement in an unequal battle, it was decided to blow up the frigate. However, the meeting with the English ships soon had to be abandoned - a completely different order was received from St. Petersburg: to hide the Pallada at the mouth of the Amur.

Unkovsky struggled for more than two months to carry out this order, trying to bring a huge, massive frigate into the winding and narrow mouth of the river. The fairway did not have sufficient depth and was strewn with countless shoals and pitfalls. Having failed to achieve success, the captain turned the ship back to the Imperial (now Sovetskaya) harbor and placed the Pallada in the distant Konstantinovskaya Bay. Hills approached the bay on both sides, reliably protecting the ship from the winds and from prying eyes. All guns and ammunition from the ship were removed and moved to the frigate "Diana", which had arrived by that time, on which Admiral Putyatin planned to continue the journey to Japan and then return to St. Petersburg...

The fate of the frigate, meanwhile, ended tragically. After the crew left the ship, only Lieutenant Kuznetsov, boatswain Sinitsyn and ten sailors remained on board. The instructions given to Kuznetsov ordered “in the event of the enemy entering the harbor, burn the frigate, and try to reach the shore before settlements on the Amur.” The sailors carefully guarded the ship, pumped out water from the hold, and vigilantly watched to make sure that the enemy did not penetrate into the harbor...

The enemy, searching for the Russian frigate, approached the strait itself. And then suddenly the most absurd, unjustified order came from the naval command - to sink the Pallada.

This is how G.I. Nevelskoy writes about this in his book of memoirs: “The head of the Konstantinovsky post, Second Lieutenant Kuznetsov, in a letter dated November 25, told me: The Imperial harbor was covered with ice, that the enemy had not shown up, that the entire team was healthy, there was provisions for 10 months. .. At the time when I received this report from Kuznetsov... midshipman Razgradsky arrived, whom Rear Admiral Zavoiko had sent to the Imperial Harbor in order to sink the frigate "Pallada" there, and return the crew with Kuznetsov to Nikolaevskoye. detained Razgradsky for some time in the Mariinsky port, pending a response from Zavoiko, to whom, forwarding Kuznetsov’s report, he wrote: “... In the destruction of the frigate “Pallada” there will now not be the slightest extreme, because before the opening of the Imperial Harbor, I am at home in the month of 1856 years, a truce and even peace may follow, and therefore it is necessary ... to confirm Kuznetsov, in the event that peace does not follow and the enemy enters with the goal of taking possession of the frigate, act exactly according to the instructions given to him, that is, blow up the frigate, and retreat with his people to forest towards Hungari. Such an action will have a much greater influence on the enemy in our favor than the sinking without any other extreme of a frigate, which can be taken out of the harbor in the event of peace in the spring of 1856...” To this proposal... Zavoiko.. . answered me that, in view of the orders given to him, he cannot accept such a proposal of mine, as contrary to these orders, on his own responsibility, and therefore strictly orders Razgradsky to immediately go to the Imperial Harbor and sink the frigate "Pallada" there. As a result of this, Razgradsky, following to the Imperial Harbor through the village of Hungari, he arrived there on January 17, 1856, that is, in 16 days; he sank the frigate "Pallada" at the Konstantinovsky post and, taking the crew that was in this post with Kuznetsov, on March 20 returned to the Nikolaevsky post in the same way "…

In 1923, the sailors of "Red October" found and sent to the Vladivostok port the frigate's anchor, and a little later - a copper porthole and part of the bulwark of the famous sailing ship. Just before the Great Patriotic War, Epron divers again examined the historical sailing ship in detail and established that it lay at a depth of 20 meters. Neither masts nor upper superstructures were found - apparently they were blown away by ice. The hull of the frigate, eaten away in places by sea worms and covered with shells and algae, was relatively well preserved. And then a message appeared in the press: “In 1941, Soviet divers will lift a hundred-year-old “literary monument” from the seabed. The war prevented the implementation of a difficult plan...”

And another little quote. "... During the flooding, the ship lay on the starboard side, and in Soviet times there was a heater vessel above it. The Pallada was littered with waste from this ship, plunging on the starboard side along the center plane into mud, silt and slag. Maybe this saved the frigate from final plunder. After all, the shallow depth at the site of the flooding, the location of Postovaya Bay within the boundaries of the village of Zavety Ilyich gave access to the frigate to everyone.

To date, only the right side of the frigate, immersed in silt and slag, has survived. In 1989, the expedition of the Vostok club raised elements of the Pallada structures. At the moment they can be seen in the exhibition of the museum. Arsenyev".

They erected a monument to "Pallada" on the shore, in a small forest. To be honest, I’m not sure it survived...

Well, about something that is more accessible and still preserved. In the village near the garrison House of Fleet Officers, on the initiative and by the forces of the formation’s submariners, a control room of the submarine Project 613 “S-88” was installed. There are other interesting objects next to the wheelhouse, but more about them later. Another “underwater” monument has not survived. It was also collected by the whole world, erected on their own. Quote: “On January 3, 1998, the magazine “Sea Collection” arrived at the submarine unit of military unit 15058 with postal correspondence with the documentary story “The Mystery of the Disappeared “Pike.” In it, the author described in detail the last days of the boat S - 117, “which, while performing combat mission, sank in the Tatar Strait...” Deputy commander of the submarine formation, Captain II Rank V.V. Piskaikin, holds a general meeting of the formation’s military personnel with the agenda: “On the construction of a monument to the crew of the submarine “S-117.” Sketches of the monument were commissioned to be made by a professional artist, foreman of the first article V.I. Kozlov...

There was no money for the construction of the monument. The personnel of the unit cut out a piece more than four meters long with a hatch and an emergency buoy from the decommissioned submarine. With the help of a torpedo gun, it was removed and taken to the place where the monument was installed... The memorial plaque was made in an institution in the village. Vanino. All autumn and winter the personnel of the unit carried out welding work and made the base of the monument. In May, gravel and sand were delivered to the shore of Postovaya Bay.

July 10, 1999 is a significant day in the history of the construction of the monument: the first slabs were laid in its foundation. Work has begun on its decoration. It took more than 20 trucks of natural stone, two anchors and an anchor-chain were delivered. He supervised the work and participated in the construction of the monument to V.V. Piskaykin.

The opening of the monument took place on May 31, 1999, on the day of the sixtieth anniversary of the formation of the North Pacific Flotilla, which included PLS - 117...”

Tired of text? Then shazz there will be only pictures. First - old pictures.

Postovaya Bay

613th. Spring 1975

Crew of S-221 on the pier in Postovaya Bay

Ships in storage. Soviet-Gavanskaya naval base, Postovaya Bay, Pacific Fleet, 1991

But this frame is interesting because of its continuation ( even though this is already, like, Sovgavan). Look. Then.

And people. Then ( at the Navy parade, Testaments of Ilyich, personnel of the 3rd company of the 5th platoon of ShMAS, 74).

And now ( 2008).

And for those who are poorly oriented in our immensity, I’ll give you a bonus.

The map is old.

And the map is new.

Does everyone remember salmon? :) Here it is, from the other Zaveta-Ilyichensky shore.

Description

Zavety Ilyich is an urban-type settlement in the Sovetsko-Gavansky district of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia.

Population 8527 people.

Geographical position

Located in the eastern part of the region, 7 km north of Sovetskaya Gavan, on the shore of Postovaya Bay, Sovetskaya Gavan Bay. The distance to the nearest railway station Sovgavan-Sortirovochnaya is 3 km.

History of the village

Originally - the fishing village of Novoastrakhanskoye, founded in the early 1920s. Then it was renamed Zavet Ilyich. The status of an urban-type settlement has been since 1960, after being separated from the city of Sovetskaya Gavan. During the 2nd World War and post-war years, it was a large naval base of the Pacific Fleet, the headquarters of the North Pacific Flotilla, then the 7th Navy and the Sakhalin Flotilla. The naval base included surface ships, submarines (including nuclear-powered ones), and coastal naval forces (many support units and marines). The garrison also included the air defense forces of the entire coast (345th Air Defense Brigade) and the Navy fighter aviation regiment (41st IAP, Postovaya airfield), later reassigned to the 11th Air Defense Army, military builders, 105th automobile repair plant, dairy plant, confectionery shop, printing house of the newspaper “On Guard of the Motherland”. With the collapse of the USSR, the number of military personnel decreased, and the collapse and degradation of the village began.

In the 21st century, what remained of the once large sea garrison was the 38th separate division of water area security ships, consisting of two small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124 and three minesweepers. Almost all of the “Stalinist” houses, as well as several relatively new five-story buildings, have been abandoned and turned into ruins. A large number of service buildings within the boundaries of the village were abandoned and destroyed, and buildings on the Menshikov Peninsula were also completely destroyed - the village is essentially a huge set for films about the war.

Economy

The city-forming organization of the village is the naval base (currently the OVR division).

The history of the village of Zavety Ilyich dates back to 1909. Initially, they began to populate and build on the western side to the left of Moscow (the one where the dacha-building cooperative "Zavety Ilyich" is now located). This area was called “Gavrilov’s Heath”, as it belonged to the Moscow merchant Gavrilov. Before the revolution there were 10 houses here. After the revolution, the territory was given to the old Bolsheviks for the construction of dachas. In 1919, a dacha construction cooperative was founded here.

In 1925, construction of the village itself began. The main developer was the cooperative of the People's Commissariat of Communications "For Cultural Life". They cut down the forest and bought five houses in Eldigino; built on the street. Cooperative two-story buildings for builders.

The village was built according to a plan that was carried out by the teachers of the forestry college of the village Pravdinsky A.M. Nikolaenko, A.I. Ovchinnikov and A.V. Vladychuk. The names of the streets were immediately given: Pochtovaya, Kooperativnaya, Kominterna, etc. The construction of houses was launched by organizations: Glavtabak, Glavzoloto, People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, Railways, dacha-building cooperatives "Sickle and Hammer", "Nefterrabotnik", Moscow Post Office and others.

Between the railroad and Pochtovaya Street at that time there was a forest in which mushrooms and berries were collected. In 1934, the dachas began to be populated. Among the first settlers were the Rublevsky, Salnikov, Sukachev, Kosminkov, Zotov families and others.

In the same year, the old Bolsheviks petitioned M.I. Kalinin with a request to give the village the name “Testaments of Ilyich.”

In 1936, development of the eastern side of the village began. In 1939, the first elections to the council were held. L.N. Rublevsky was elected the first chairman of the executive committee of the council.

In November 1939, in a two-story building where construction workers previously lived, after reconstruction, the first seven-year school in the village was opened. A. T. Shurin became its director. There were a total of 100 students in this school. Until this moment, the children went to school in the village of Pravdinsky.

In 1943, there were already 180 students at the school. A Komsomol organization was formed. Its first secretary was Valentina Gorlova.

In 1946, electricity appeared in the village for the first time. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the village was located in a dense forest of centuries-old pines, which were gradually, especially during the war, cut down.

During the war, an outpatient clinic was opened, which was located on Chernyshevsky Street. The first doctor at the outpatient clinic was Arkady Nikolaevich Mezikov.

In 1950-52 The construction of multi-storey brick houses began. Now a whole microdistrict has grown here (Stroitelnaya Street and Zheleznodorozhnaya Street). In 1952, a new ten-year school for 280 students was built. Matvey Abramovich Milkamonovich became its director.

In 1953, they built the Stroitel club, which was broken down in 1986 and began construction of the Stroitel House of Equipment.

In 1961, a new secondary school was built on the street. Dzerzhinsky for 520 students. Vasily Gavrilovich Segaev became its director.

When the Great Patriotic War began, many residents of the village went to defend their homeland. About 200 people did not return from the battlefields.

On September 15, 1966, the executive committee of the village council (chairman of the village council S.I. Pigida and party bureau secretary V.F. Tuzikov) decided to erect a monument to the “Unknown Soldier” in the village. The figure of a soldier with a machine gun (sculptor V. A. Dolmatov, height 2.85 m and weight 6.5 tons) was made by factory No. 5 in Kaluga. The producer of the work on the construction of the monument was the deputy of the council M. AND . Kuksov. The monument was built on July 25, 1967, and its opening took place on October 15 of the same year.

In 1967-68, a “Shopping Center” was built in the village. In 1971-72, a dam was built on the Serebryanka River, and after cleaning the reservoir, a beautiful pond was formed. The soil from the reservoir was transported to fill the swamp, to where the gas boiler house, the village bathhouse and residential buildings on the street are now located. Vokzalnaya.

In house No. 14 on the street. Vokzalnaya housed a village council, a village library and a savings bank, and in house No. 11 a village outpatient clinic. Along Marata Street there were 12 dilapidated houses of the council, which were demolished, and in their place the organization Spetsstroy of Russia (PO Box 5806) built nine-story residential buildings, and all 40 families from the houses of the council were moved to comfortable apartments.

In 1984, on the eve of the 40th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, on the initiative of the Council of Veterans, with the active participation of employees of the military registration table of the village council of Zaveta Ilyich, the executive committee of the council, the Council of Veterans of the village, using the personal funds of relatives of those killed in the Great Patriotic War and residents of the village of Zaveta Ilyich A memorial platform was built and a memorial plaque was installed with the names of the heroes who died in the battles of 1941-45. The memorial project was carried out on public foundations by the architect V. M. Novak. On May 9, 1984, the memorial to those killed at the Monument to the Unknown Soldier was inaugurated.

Recently Anton Nosik wrote about aircraft carriers. But at one time I saw this in the windows of the house on Nikolaev Street 8, indicated in the name of the village:

These are the famous “Minsk” and “Novorossiysk”. Their fate is tragic - it repeats the path of the USSR. They went to China for scrap metal.

This all happened in the small village of Zavety Ilyich, where I lived until 1996. Now I am researching the history of this village, because before that I wrote a book where the actions take place precisely in the village of Zavety Ilyich. There's even a main character - Pasha. It's called "Six Realms". I am not providing links yet, because the book is being carefully edited. Eight pages in already... The book will offer photographs found online, maybe historical footnotes in the notes, but that's just it - ideas. For example, such a photo will definitely be in the book (APD: it won’t, the photographer is against it):

According to the book, it is in this stoker that the genies live - the servants of Shaitan, the terrible messengers of the Fiery Kingdom; possessed by the stokers, the remnants of the Blind Army. Funny, huh? Well, the book is still quite good today, I’m not ashamed of it, just as I’m not ashamed of the genre in which I’m most comfortable writing. A remarkable photo, although I didn’t take it. I left in '96...

And this is Kater! A very famous monument in the Testaments, which, alas, no longer exists:

A whole heroic story passes through the village of Zavety Ilyich. I would like to tell you, but let the current residents tell it better. My book is more about childhood memories. It is all the more interesting to me because I am not describing reality, but my vision of it. I tell the Story! I tell it always and everywhere.

It's a pity for the monument. However, in Testaments, it seems, they installed another one, from a part of a submarine with a hatch. But I won't look at the modern Testaments. They are, unfortunately, in better shape. But that's it for now. There is a unique bay there. So the village still has a future ahead of it:

With the last photo I will show you my world as I saw it in 1996. These are exactly those places, the photo covers them completely and entirely: