The birth of the city of Tolochin. The origin of the city of Tolochin History of development - Tolochin

The history of Tolochin and the first mention of him in the annals, the Basilian Monastery, the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anthony of Padua, the city square, the Alley of Heroes, a stone in honor of the founding of the city, the local history museum, famous people of the Tolochin region

The history of Tolochin and the first mention of him in the annals

The first mention in the annals of a small Belarusian town Talochin refers to 1433. Like the neighboring Talochin located on the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and just as often ruined due to enemy raids. Either the crowd in the city was incredible from brisk trade, or they pushed the ships along the logs from Druti to the Dnieper, no one remembers exactly, but the city is still called Talochin. By 1621 there were already 314 houses in Tolochin. In 1897 in the town Talochin 2614 inhabitants lived.

Not passed the city and later wars. War of 1812. It is believed that Napoleon himself spent one of the anxious nights in the residential building of the Basilian monastery during the retreat and gave the order to burn staff papers, the banners of his "Great Army" and the city itself to boot. During the occupation, 9521 people died in the region, 2.5 thousand were driven into fascist slavery, more than 4.3 thousand Tolochin residents died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, about 580 people in partisan detachments and underground.

During the Great Patriotic War, more than 10 thousand Tolochin residents defended the honor and independence of the Motherland at the front. 12 partisan brigades and other formations operated on the territory of the district at different times. The largest among them were the brigades of M.P. Gudkova, Groza. The 1st brigade named after K.S. was temporarily stationed here. Zaslonova, 8th Kruglyanskaya brigade, 2nd Belarusian brigade named after P.N. Ponomarenko. Two of the nine partisan generals I.M. Kordovich and I.P. Kozhar - natives Tolochin region. Released Talochin was on June 26, 1944 by the forces of the 5th Guards Tank Army under the command of Marshal of the Armored Forces P.A. Rotmistrov.

Church, erected on a natural high hill in 1853, still rises above the roadway. A small ladder will lead to the entrance, but the path will seem longer. Well, something, but caring residents of Belarusian cities know how to decorate the surrounding landscape, even if it is a small town, the maps of which have not been printed in the printing house for a long time.

Church of St. Anthony It was built by order of Tsar Alexander I in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The decision to build was made quickly, but construction, like repair, is not an easy task;). The Slavinskys donated 100 thousand bricks, the tsarist government allocated not only money (2000 in silver), but also the buildings of the former customs house for dismantling for the construction of the church. Funds and materials were still lacking. The church was built only in 1853.

In the post-war years, the church housed a weaving workshop, a furniture store, a weight workshop, and a granary. The interior layout has also changed. Wooden sculptures and other wooden decor have been lost.

T olochin, city square, a stone in honor of the founding of the city.

If we walk along Lenin Street a little further, towards the intersection with Pionerskaya, we will find ourselves in the city square, passing by the house of culture. The square is small and simple in plan - the most ordinary square, along one of the sides of which, on Pionerskaya Street, there is a Local History Museum of Tolochin with finds from the Drutsk settlement and a hotel. On the other side of the square on the street. Lenin is a monumental administrative building, slightly resembling the building of the Moscow City Council in Moscow, and a traditional monument to V. I. Lenin. Alley of Heroes of the Soviet Union at the very beginning of the square .... In 2009, the square changed a little: dried trees were removed, the central alley was slightly expanded. On the other side of the street there is a pedestrian zone, as in many cities in the country. And it doesn't matter that the town is tiny - it has its own pedestrian street. Of course, in the city, in addition to the stele with the date of foundation at the entrance, there is a stone in the park, which also indicates the date of the first mention of the city in the annals - 1433.

Probably, Tolochinskiy is interesting local history museum which, unfortunately, was not possible. The museum was founded recently, in 1985. Opened for visitors on August 31, 2001 during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Drutsk. The exposition of the museum consists of five viewing halls: "Ancient history", "Historical", "Famous countrymen", "Ethnographic", "Exhibition". The basis of the exposition is archaeological finds from, witnesses of those ancient times when it successfully competed with Minsk. The museum itself is located in an administrative building built in the 20th century. Here you can see the works of artisans, numerous arrowheads, locks, belt buckles, as well as finds from the Drutsk burial mound. Probably, no one can tell more and better about the city than the museum staff during the tour.

Famous people of the Tolochin region

The Hero of Belarus, People's Artist of the USSR and Belarus Mikhail Savitsky, playwright Ales Petrashkevich, writers and poets Mikhas Zaretsky, Vera Verba, theater figure Valery Anisenko, Iosif Vasilevsky, Eduard Kornilovich, Ales Rylko, Anatoly Myasnikov were born in the Tolochinsky District.

Tolochin land gave the Motherland 10 Heroes of the Soviet Union and 11 Heroes of Socialist Labor. Heroes of the Soviet Union: F. K. Antashkevich, P. A. Galetsky, M. S. Kamelchik, I. P. Kozhar, N. P. Lugovsky, A. A. Luzgin, F. E. Makovetsky, M. B. Osipova, P. F. Sychenko, E. M. Teleshev. Army General V. G. Kazantsev was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.

The Tolochin region can rightfully be called a quiet land of forests and rivers, but this impression is deceptive. The turbulent events of history have never passed by our region.

The territory of the Tolochin region was inhabited in the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) approximately in the 9th millennium BC. e. On its territory lived the tribes of the Upper Dnieper, Narven, North Belarusian, Dnieper, Bantser culture. Settlements of these cultures were found around dd. Ugolevshchina, Zarechye, Shashelovka, Bagrinovo, etc.

So, the history of the lands that make up the district today is rooted in antiquity. The first annalistic references to the settlements of our region date back to the 11th-12th centuries. In ancient chronicles, 10 cities of the western lands of Rus' are called, incl. the city of Drutsk, the millennium, which was celebrated in 2001. Drutsk was in the 10-13 centuries the southern border of the Polotsk principality.

The city of Drutsk was an important point on the trade route from the "Varangians to the Greeks", which passed through the territory of our region.

In 1001, one of the first Orthodox churches on the territory of modern Belarus, the Most Holy Theotokos, was built in Drutsk.

The princes of Drutsk occupied an important position in the Principality of Polotsk, and then in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Sofya Drutskaya (Golshanskaya), the wife of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, Jogaila (Vladislav), was from the princes of Drutsk.

District center- the city of Tolochin, mentioned in the annals in 1433 as a place in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city belonged to the Drutsk princes and their heirs, from the beginning of the 17th century - to the Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lev Sapieha. In 1604 he founded a wooden church here, which was rebuilt and in 1804 transformed into the Orthodox Church of the Intercession. Now it is the Holy Intercession Convent.

As a result of the 1st partition of the Commonwealth (1772), the eastern part of Tolochin became part of the Russian Empire (from 1782 it had the status of a city, from 1783 - a town) and became known as Old or Russian Tolochin (border customs point). And the western one, which was located on the Drut River - Zarechny or New Tolochin, until 1793. was part of the Commonwealth.

In November 1812, during the Patriotic War, the emperor of France, Napoleon, stopped in Tolochin. The building where he was located has survived to this day.

Stary Tolochin - the center of the Starotolochinskaya volost of Kopylsky, since 1861. - Orsha counties. New Tolochin is the center of the Zarechnotolochinskaya volost of the Senno district of the Mogilev province.

In 1897, 2614 inhabitants lived in the town of Tolochin. At the beginning of the 20th century, 2 tanneries, a brick factory, a brewery, a mill, a school, and 2 public schools worked in Tolochin.

After the October Revolution in November 1917, a shtetl soviet was created in Tolochin. It included 1008 soldiers and 600 workers.

On February 18, 1918, Kaiser Germany, violating the terms of the armistice, launched an offensive on the entire front against the young Soviet state.

Tolochin, Starotolochinskaya, Kokhanovskaya volosts and other territories of modern Tolochinshchina were occupied. The occupation lasted about 8 months. On October 25, the city of Tolochin was liberated by units of the Red Army. Soviet power was restored.

The first socialist transformations in agriculture began in 1919-20. In the Tolochin region, the Raitsy state farm, communes on the estates of Bagrinovo, Ozertsy, and others were created.

Since 1920, Tolochin has been part of the Vitebsk province of the RSFSR. Since July 17, 1924, Tolochin has been the center of the district as part of the Orsha district, since 1938 - in the Vitebsk region. On June 22, 1955, it was given the status of a city.

The peaceful life of the region ended on June 22, 1941. Two weeks later, fierce battles began for Tolochin. The Nazis were opposed by the 1st Moscow Division. The fighting continued for three days. Having suffered heavy losses, the Nazis captured the city. But the people of Tolochin did not surrender to the mercy of the invaders.

During the Great Patriotic War, more than 10 thousand Tolochin residents defended the honor and independence of the Motherland at the front. 12 partisan brigades and other formations operated on the territory of the district at different times. The largest among them were the brigades of M.P. Gudkov, "Thunderstorm". The 1st brigade named after K.S. was temporarily stationed here. Zaslonova, 8th Kruglyanskaya brigade, 2nd Belarusian brigade named after P.N. Ponomarenko. Two of the nine partisan generals I.M. Kordovich and I.P. Kozhar are natives of the Tolochin region.

Tolochin was liberated on June 26, 1944 by the forces of the 5th Guards Tank Army under the command of Marshal of the Armored Forces P.A. Rotmistrov.

During the war years, the area suffered heavy losses. During the occupation in Tolochin and the region, 9,521 people died, 2.5 thousand were driven into Nazi slavery. On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, more than 4.3 thousand Tolochin residents died, in partisan detachments and underground - about 580 people.

The people of Tolochin continue the creative relay race of their ancestors, and we are simply obliged to write a new page in the history of our native land with our own mind, work and enthusiasm, while not forgetting our roots and traditions.

Tolochin is the administrative center of the Tolochin district of the Vitebsk region. The city is located on the Drut River, 56 km from Orsha, 128 km from Vitebsk, 177 km from Minsk and 124 km from the border with the Russian Federation. The Minsk-Moscow railway, as well as the P19 Tolochin-Krupki, P25 Vitebsk-Tolochin and P26 Tolochin-Krugloye-Nezhkovo highways pass through the city. The M1 Brest-Moscow highway passes 5 km from the city.

History of development - Tolochin

The first written mention of Tolochin dates back to 1433. At that time, Tolochin was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For several centuries, the princes of Drutsk owned the city, from the end of the 16th century. - Sapieha, after - Sangushki. In 1604 Lev Sapega founded a church, a school and a hospital in Tolochin. As a result of the First Partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, the border between the Crown of Poland and Russia passed along the Drut River, thereby dividing Tolochin into two parts. The eastern part of the town became part of the Russian Empire and became known as Old or Russian Tolochin, the western part remained part of the Commonwealth until 1793 and was called Zarechny or New Tolochin.

During the war of 1812, Tolochin suffered greatly from hostilities. It is known that during the retreat of Napoleon from Russia, the French emperor arrived in Tolochin on November 10, 1812. In 1871, a station of the Smolensk-Brest section of the Moscow-Brest railway was opened three kilometers from the city. According to the data of the First Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, about 2,500 inhabitants lived in Tolochin, 2,000 of whom were Jews.

In February-October 1918, Tolochin was occupied by German troops. In 1920 the city became part of the RSFSR, and in 1924 it became part of the BSSR. During the Great Patriotic War, from July 8, 1941 to June 26, 1944, Tolochin was occupied by Nazi invaders. Also during the war, the Nazis organized a ghetto in the city, in which almost the entire Jewish population of the city was destroyed. Talochin was liberated by the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front.

In the post-war period, Tolochin was restored and actively developed. In 1955 it was given the status of a city. Today, several industrial enterprises operate in Tolochin, and the regional newspaper Nasha Talachynshchyna is published.

Tourism potential - Tolochin

You can visit Tolochin on the way to Orsha or Vitebsk. The city has preserved - an architectural monument of the late baroque era, erected in 1769 at the expense of the Sangushek family. In the center of the city there is an old and picturesque

Tolochin (also Tolochino, Bel. Talachyn) is a city in the Vitebsk region of Belarus on the Drut River, the administrative center of the Tolochin district. Population - 10.2 thousand people (2010).

Economy

The following enterprises operate in Tolochin:

• UKPP "Tolochinsk Textile Factory" - production of bedspreads, blankets, blankets, production of cotton and woolen fabrics

Attractions

• Near Tolochin is Drutsk - an ancient Russian city of the 11th-14th centuries, the center of the principality; now a village
• The Catholic Church of St. Anthony, built to commemorate the victory of Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812
• The complex of the Basilian monastery (XVIII-XIX centuries), including the Church of the Intercession (1769), a residential building (1779), gates and a fence (XVIII century). Now - the current Orthodox Holy Intercession Monastery

Story

Tolochin was first mentioned in 1433 as a city within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From the middle of the XVI century. Tolochin is a town in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk province. The town was owned by the princes Drutsky, from the end of the 16th century. - Sapieha, after - Sangushko. Its geographic position was very convenient, through it there was a brisk trade. However, this path attracted not only merchants and travelers; during the Russian-Lithuanian and Russian-Polish wars, death and devastation swept along it.

After the 1st partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, the border between Russia and the Commonwealth passed along the river. Drut. The eastern part of the town became part of the Russian Empire and became known as Old or Russian Tolochin, the western - Zarechny or New Tolochin, and until 1793 remained part of the Commonwealth. Old Tolochin was considered the center of the Starotolochinskaya volost, which became part of the Kopyssky, and in 1861 - in the Orsha district. New Tolochin was the center of the Zarechnotolochinskaya volost of the Senno district of the Mogilev province.

The Patriotic War of 1812 was a severe test, the French inflicted heavy losses on Tolochin and its environs.

In 1871, the Smolensk-Brest section of the Moscow-Brest railway was opened. The road passed three kilometers from Tolochin, where the station was built. The first school was opened in Stary Tolochin in 1863; After the cholera epidemic of 1870, a hospital was opened in Kokhanovo, and in Tolochin at the end of the 19th century. pharmacy was opened. According to the 1897 census, there were 2614 inhabitants in the town, and at the beginning of the 20th century. - 3748 inhabitants, 391 residential buildings, including 6 brick buildings, 2 tanneries, starch, brick, brewery, glass factories, mill worked. There were 2 public schools, a school, a free public reading room, a library, a post and telegraph office, a church and a church.

In February-October 1918, Talochyn was occupied by the troops of Kaiser Germany. In 1918, more than half of the town burned down.

In 1920, Tolochin became part of the Vitebsk province of the RSFSR. In 1924, the Tolochin and Kokhanovsky districts were formed as part of the Orsha district of the BSSR, and in 1931 the Kokhanovsky district was abolished. Since 1938, Tolochin has been part of the Vitebsk region. On September 27, it was given the status of an urban settlement. In 1939 the population was 6,100, and a flax mill, a tannery, a weaving factory, etc.

During the Great Patriotic War

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, stubborn battles in the region were fought by the 1st Moscow Motorized Rifle Division under the command of Colonel

• 1. History
  • 1.1 During World War II
  • 1.2 Postwar
• 2 Economy
• 3 Transport
• 4 Attractions
• 5 Origin of the name
• 6 media
• 7 Notable people
• 8 Interesting Facts
• 9 Notes
• 10 Links

Story

Tolochin was first mentioned in 1433 as a city within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From the middle of the XVI century. Tolochin is a town in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk province. The town was owned by the princes Drutsky, from the end of the 16th century. - Sapieha, after - Sangushko:

On the left bank of the river Druti is a fairly large town Tolochin, in the XVI century. belonged to the famous chancellor Lev Sapieha, who in 1604 founded a church, a school and a hospital here.

On September 17, 1708, the Swedish corps of General Adam Ludwik Levengaupt arrived in Tolochin. September 18, the Swedes went to Mogilev.

After the 1st partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, the border between Russia and the Commonwealth passed along the river. Drut. The eastern part of the town became part of the Russian Empire and became known as Old or Russian Tolochin, the western - Zarechny or New Tolochin, and until 1793 remained part of the Commonwealth. Old Tolochin was considered the center of the Starotolochinskaya volost, which entered the Kopyssky, and in 1861 - the Orsha district. New Tolochin was the center of the Zarechnotolochinskaya volost of the Senno district of the Mogilev province.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the French inflicted great damage on Tolochin and its environs.

In 1871, the Smolensk-Brest section of the Moscow-Brest railway was opened. The road passed three kilometers from Tolochin, where the station was built. The first school was opened in Old Tolochin in 1863; After the cholera epidemic of 1870, a hospital was opened in Kokhanovo, and in Tolochin at the end of the 19th century. pharmacy was opened.

According to the 1897 census, there were 2614 inhabitants in the town, and at the beginning of the 20th century. - 3748 inhabitants, 391 residential buildings, including 6 brick buildings, 2 tanneries, starch, brick, brewery, glass factories, mill worked. There were 2 public schools, a school, a free public reading room, a library, a post and telegraph office, an Orthodox and a Catholic church.

In February-October 1918, Tolochin was occupied by the troops of Kaiser Germany. In 1918, more than half of the town burned down.

In 1920, Tolochin became part of the Vitebsk province of the RSFSR. 1924 - Tolochin and Kokhanovsky districts were formed as part of the Orsha district of the BSSR, in 1931 the Kokhanovsky district was abolished. Since 1938, Tolochin has been part of the Vitebsk region. On September 27, it was given the status of an urban settlement. In 1939, the population was 6,100 people, a flax mill, a tannery, and a weaving factory worked.

During the Great Patriotic War

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, stubborn battles in the region were fought by the 1st Moscow Motorized Rifle Division under the command of Colonel Ya. G. Kreizer.

Tolochin was occupied by the 18th Panzer Division of the Wehrmacht (General Nering) on ​​July 8, 1941 and became part of the territory administratively assigned to the rear headquarters of Army Group Center.

According to the results of the All-Union census conducted in 1939, 1,292 Jews or 21.2% of the total number of city residents lived in Tolochin. All the Jews who did not have time to evacuate were herded into the Tolochin ghetto by the Nazis and almost completely destroyed. During the occupation, the Germans killed 9,521 people in Tolochin and the region.

On June 26, 1944, the urban settlement was liberated by the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front. A special correspondent of the corps newspaper wrote about this:

Ah, Tolochin, you, Tolochin,

Belarusian town!

Here the German was beaten,

Powdered!

In the post-war period

On July 22, 1955, Tolochin was given the status of a city. According to the master plans of 1968 and 1977, new houses, industrial buildings were built in Tolochin, a microdistrict was created, the center was built up with 2-5 storey houses.

Economy

The following enterprises operate in Tolochin:

• Republican unitary enterprise "Tolochin cannery"
• Tolochin branch of Lepel Dairy Plant JSC

Transport

Talochyn has good transport links with many cities of the republic. Roads pass through the city R19(Tolochin - Krupki), R25(Vitebsk - Tolochin) and R26(Tolochin - Round - Nezhkovo). 5 km from the city there is a motorway M1E 30. There is a regular bus service to Minsk, Vitebsk and Orsha.

Tolochin railway station on the Minsk-Moscow line. Passenger and fast trains to Minsk, Orsha, Moscow, suburban communication with Orsha and Minsk.

Attractions

• The complex of the Basilian monastery (XVII-XIX centuries), including the Church of the Intercession (1604), a residential building (1779), gates and a fence (XVII century). Now - the current Orthodox Holy Intercession Monastery
• Catholic Church of Saint Anthony, built to commemorate the victory of Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812
• Near Tolochin is Drutsk - an ancient Russian city of the 11th-14th centuries, the center of the principality; now a village

Orthodox Intercession Church

St. Anthony Catholic Church

origin of name

There are two versions of the origin of the city's name. The first connects the name with the word "cleanup" - the unification of people for the sake of collective work. Supporters of the second version believe that the name of the city comes from the word "crowded" - a lively trading place.

According to dictionaries, the name of the city is pronounced as Tolochin, but the pronunciation of Tolochin is more common.

mass media

The regional newspaper Nasha Talachynshchyna is published. It has been published since March 1931, the previous names were: “Kalgasnik Talachynshchyny”, “Chyrvony Khlebarob”, “Leninets”, “Scyag Ilicha” (as the newspaper was called from 1962 to 2001, when it got its current name).

Famous people

• Valery Danilovich Anisenko - Honored Art Worker (1991). Head of the Republican Theater of Belarusian Drama, artist and director (2001-2012). Since 2012, director and artistic director of the Yakub Kolas National Academic Drama Theater.
• Irving Berlin (1888-1989) American composer.
• Lev Grigorievich Weber - Soviet hygienist, teacher, Deputy People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR (1937-1944), candidate of medical sciences (1945).
• Arkady Iosifovich Zhuravsky (1924-2009) - Belarusian linguist. Corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.
• Viktor Germanovich Kazantsev (b. 1946) is a hero of Russia.
• Kaplan, Israel (1869-1927) - Israeli educator.
• Ilya Pavlovich Kozhar (1902-1967) - Hero of the Soviet Union.
• Aron Naumovich Reznikov (1915-1999) - doctor of trinitarian sciences.
• Mikhail Andreevich Savitsky (1922-2010) - People's Artist of the USSR.
• Andrei Mikhailovich Usov (1917-1987) - Soviet tankman, holder of the Order of Lenin, gun commander in the crew of Zinovy ​​​​Kolobanov, who knocked out 22 tanks in one battle during the defense of Leningrad.
• Zinoviy Yakovlevich Khanin - Soviet orientalist, candidate of historical sciences.

The poet Pimen Panchenko wrote the poem "Ode to Tolochin".

Notes

1. District executive committee | | Tolochinskiy district | Talochin | Tolochin News | News of Tolochin district | Tolochin District Executive Committee
2. Population as of January 1, 2015
3. Footnote error?: Wrong tag ; no text specified for belstat2016 footnotes
4. History of the Talachyn region (Belarusian). Prydzvinsky region: history and modernity. State Institution "Vitebsk Regional Library named after V.I. V. I. Lenin.
5. Picturesque Russia Volume III, sec. II. - St. Petersburg, 1882.
6. Guderian, H. Erinnerungen eines Soldaten. - Heidelberg, 1951.-S. 140. (German)
7. Distribution of the Jewish population of the USSR 1939 / edit Mordechai Altshuler. - Jerusalem, 1993. - P. 39. (English)
8. Vovchenko I. A. Tankmen
9. Railway website - additional pages
10. Newspaper "Our Talachynshchyna"

Links

• Tolochin District Executive Committee - official site
• Talachyn (Belarusian). Prydzvinsky region: history and modernity. State Institution "Vitebsk Regional Library named after V.I. V. I. Lenin.
• Talochin on Globus TUT.by
• Website of the Tolochinskaya regional newspaper "Nasha Talachynshchyna"