Antonyms: examples of words, concept, exercises. What are antonyms: examples of words What is the antonym

" of Greek origin and is translated as "opposite".

Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning, expressing it with the help of paradigmatic connections.

Antonyms are a very interesting phenomenon of the language, because in the mind of a person are stored in the form of an antonymic pair.

Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other by all their content, their semantic structure is extremely homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.

For example, a pair of antonyms "-" has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential (positive and negative mood).

Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely matching compatibility.

Types of antonyms

There are 2 types of antonyms:

1) multi-rooted and single-rooted.

One-root antonyms usually form a non-prefixed and a prefixed word. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; come - walk away.

Different root antonyms are completely different in their external appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.

2) gradual, nongradual and vector antonyms.

Gradual antonyms express the opposite, which implies the existence of intermediate steps between the two extreme points. Examples: brilliant - talented - gifted - average abilities - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - sensible - not stupid - average abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.

Non-gradual antonyms are concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.

Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, features, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - opponent.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Antonyms

(from anti... and Greek onima - name), words with the opposite meaning. For example: "true False", "poor - rich".

Explanatory Translation Dictionary

Antonyms

1. Words that have opposite meanings. They can be used as one of the methods of non-translatable semantization of a word.

2. Words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. Denoting opposite manifestations of the same essence, antonyms mutually negate and at the same time presuppose each other.

Antonyms

(Greek anti "against" and onuma "name") Words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings correlative with each other; be in love - hate.

Not all words are antonymous.

According to the structure of the root, antonyms are distinguished:

1) heterogeneous ( wealth - poverty);

2) one-root ( action - opposition).

By the presence of an intermediate concept between antonyms, they distinguish:

1) gradual antonyms: white – (grey) – black;

2) non-graded: true - false.

Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

Antonyms

(from anti... and Greek onima - name) - words of the same part of speech with the opposite meaning. An expressive means of creating contrast.

Rb: language. Visual and expressive means

Corr: synonyms

Gender: means of lexical expressiveness

Ass: antithesis

Example: truth is a lie, "Fathers and Sons"

poor - rich, "War and Peace"

far - close, "Thick and thin"

rise - fall, "Days and nights"

before after.

* "Denoting opposite manifestations of the same essence, antonyms mutually negate and at the same time presuppose each other" (LA Novikov). *

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Antonyms

(from Greek anti - against + onima - name). Words with opposite meanings. The basis of antonymy is the presence in the meaning of the word of a qualitative feature that can increase or decrease and reach the opposite. Therefore, there are especially many antonyms among adjectives expressing the concepts of quality (good - bad), various sensations (hard - soft, hot - cold, wet - dry, sweet - bitter), volume, length, size (thick - thin, large - small , wide - narrow, high - low, long - short, spacious - cramped), weight (heavy - light), shape (sharp - blunt), color (white - black, light - dark), psychological assessments (good - evil, gentle - rude, cheerful - sad, brave - cowardly), time (early - late), space (close - far), age (young - old), etc.

Similar meanings of opposite and contrast can be expressed by nouns (good - evil, strength - weakness, youth - old age, life - death, health - illness, work - rest, victory - defeat, peace - war, morning - evening, summer - winter, south - north, top - bottom), verbs (live - die, work - rest, love - hate, rejoice - grieve, respect - despise, flourish - fade, come - leave), adverbs (early-late, near-far, in front - behind, here - there, here - there), prepositions (in - from, under - over), etc.

The polysemy of words determines the presence of not one, but several antonyms in the same word. cf.: low fence - high fence, low deed - noble deed.

In speech, dictionary antonyms built on the direct meaning of the word can be replenished with contextual antonyms; cf.; cramped apartment - spacious apartment; tight shoes - loose shoes. Antonyms are widely used in artistic speech, in journalism as an expressive means of creating contrast. They often make up the titles of works of art: "Fathers and Sons" (Turgenev); "War and Peace" (L. Tolstoy); "Thick and Thin" (Chekhov); "Days and nights" (Simonov). cf. also the role of antonyms in the construction of antithesis.

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sadness, fly up and win...

Antonyms: examples of words, concept, exercises

By Masterweb

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sorrow, take off and land, begin and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! Examples of such words, as well as the actual concept of "antonym" we will present in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as "antonyms". Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given ad infinitum. Sweet - bitter; cute - nasty; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words "love" and "hate", "always" and "frequent", "lighten" and "dark" are not antonyms. Can the adjectives "low" and "happy" be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared on one basis. And in our case there are two. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. So, "frost" and "heat" are not full-fledged antonyms, since frost is a high degree of cold, and heat is an average degree of temperature above zero.

Noun antonyms: word examples

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are quite common. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: adherence to principles - lack of principles; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; the word is silence; dream - reality; dirt - purity; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; start - end.

Adjectives with the opposite meaning

Among adjectives, you can find the largest number of pairs of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; day - night; fervent - dull, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - uncertain; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - someone else's; obstinate - complaisant; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

Adverbs in this regard are not inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; corny - original; long - not for long; enough - not enough; intelligibly - indistinctly; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Verbs-antonyms: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs in Russian that are opposite in meaning.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to hurt - to recover; get better - lose weight; refuse - agree; accustom - wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig out; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn around - turn away; iron - knead; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To reinforce the learned material, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a gibberish for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place

They don't travel.

What is far, not close at all.

High, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pour from empty to empty.

Do not write on white chalk

And do not call idleness a thing.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

1. ... feeds a person, but ... spoils.
2. ... ... does not understand.
3. ... body, yes ... deed.
4. ... for food, yes... for work.
5. ... saddled, but ... galloped.
6. Day to day strife: today ... and tomorrow ...
7. Prepare the cart ... and the sleigh ...
8. One brother... and the other...
9. Today the sea ... but yesterday it was quite ...
10. Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
11. You're always like this... why is today...?
12. The root of the doctrine ... but the fruits ...

Antonyms are words that are different in sound and have opposite meanings: lie - truth, evil - good, silence - speak. Examples of antonyms show that they refer to the same part of speech.

Antonymy in Russian is presented much narrower than synonymy. This is explained by the fact that only words that are related in terms of quality (good - bad, native - alien, smart - stupid, thick - rare, high - low), temporal (day - night, early - late), quantitative (single - multiple, many - few), spatial (spacious - cramped, large - small, wide - narrow, high - low) features.

There are antonymic pairs denoting the names of states, actions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: rejoice - grieve, cry - laugh.

Types and examples of antonyms in Russian

According to the structure, antonyms are divided into heterogeneous (morning - evening) and single-root (enter - exit). The opposite of the meaning of single-root antonyms is caused by prefixes. However, it should be remembered that the addition to adverbs and prefixes without-, not- in most cases, it gives them the value of a weakened opposite (high - low), so the contrast of their values ​​\u200b\u200bis turned out to be "muffled" (low - this does not mean "low"). Based on this, not all prefix formations can be attributed to antonyms, but only those that are the extreme points of the lexical paradigm: strong - powerless, harmful - harmless, successful - unsuccessful.

Antonyms, as well as synonyms, are in close connection with polysemy: empty - serious (conversation); empty - full (cup); empty - expressive (look); empty - meaningful (story). Examples of antonyms show that different meanings of the word "empty" are included in different antonymic pairs. Single-valued words, as well as words with specific meanings (iambic, pencil, desk, notebook, etc.) cannot have antonyms.

Among antonyms, the phenomenon of enantiosemy also exists - this is the development of mutually exclusive, opposite meanings of some polysemantic words: carry (into the room, bring) - carry (out of the room, take away); abandoned (a phrase just said) - abandoned (abandoned, forgotten). The meaning in such cases is specified in the context. Enantiosemy is often the cause of ambiguity in certain expressions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: he listened to the report; the director looked through these lines.

Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a specific context: moonlight - sunlight; not a mother, but a daughter; one day - the whole life; wolves are sheep. The polarity of the meanings of such words in the language is not fixed, and their opposition is an individual decision of the author. The writer in such cases reveals the opposite qualities of various concepts and contrasts them in speech. However, these pairs of words are not antonyms.

Synonyms - words belonging to the same part of speech, different in spelling and pronunciation, but similar in lexical name (cheerful - joyful). Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, different in spelling and pronunciation, having directly opposite lexical meanings. (happy - sad). Synonymous nouns: fun - joy, moon - month, doctor - doctor. Nouns-antonyms: minus - plus, evil - good, heat - cold.

Nouns are a group of words that give names to people, objects, abstract concepts, natural phenomena, etc. Nouns answer the questions who? or what? Among nouns, various subgroups are distinguished according to the meaning of words. Among such subgroups are synonyms and antonyms.

What are synonyms and antonyms

Synonyms are words that have very similar meanings. The words sound and are spelled differently and have nothing in common. For example, trouble and sadness, a doctor and a doctor. These words have exactly the same meaning and can be used in the same situations. Such synonyms are called absolute.

In addition to absolute, there are partial synonyms. For example, hot and hot. When describing the weather, we can say both "hot weather" and "hot weather", but with the word "tea" we can only put "hot tea". "Hot" in this case will sound silly.

Words and phrases can also be synonyms. For example, morning is the beginning of the day. In this case, one word "morning" can be replaced by two words without loss of meaning.

Synonyms are used when it is necessary to avoid the constant use of the same words in the text.

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Unlike synonyms, antonyms can have completely different spellings, but they can also be the same root words. The first are the words "black" and "white". Examples of "true" and "false" can be cited for the second.

It is also worth mentioning that synonyms form a synonymous series, in which there can be an unlimited number of words. For example, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense ... Antonyms form only pairs: heavy - light, good - evil, strong - weak.

Examples of synonyms and antonyms

To better understand the difference between synonyms and antonyms, consider a few examples:

• day - night - the words could be considered synonyms, because they denote part of the day, but these are antonyms, since day is the light part, night is the dark part;
• lake - pond - synonyms. There is a difference between a lake and a pond, but these reservoirs are very similar and the words are synonymous;
• space - Universe - synonyms;
• noise - silence - antonyms.