Gospel 1057.  St. Sergius Church

The Ostromir Gospel (RNB. F.p.I.5) is one of the oldest monuments of Church Slavonic literature and the oldest monument of the Russian edition. Written in 1056-57. for the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir (in the baptism of Joseph) by deacon Gregory. The Ostromir Gospel is a well-preserved parchment manuscript of beautiful writing (length 8 inches, width slightly less than 7 inches) on 294 sheets, three of which contain picturesque images of the evangelists John, Luke and Mark, and two remained unwritten. The Gospel text is written in 2 columns, 18 lines each, in a large charter; the table of contents of the gospel readings and the calendar are written in the middle charter, the afterword in the small charter.

Ostromir Gospel Gospel - Aprakos (weekly); gospel readings are arranged in it by week, starting with Easter. The inscription "The Gospel of Sophia Aprakos" indicates that the Ostromir Gospel The Gospel belonged to the Novgorod Sophia Cathedral. Around 1700, it was kept in the Resurrection sacristy of the workshop of the Armory; in 1720 it was demanded in St. Petersburg. and in 1806 it was found by Ya. V. Druzhinin in the chambers of Catherine II. Alexander I ordered to keep it in the Imperial Public Library. The first news in print about the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel appeared in the journal "Lyceum" (1806, part 2). Since 1814 the Ostromir Gospel The Gospel began to study the East. Before the publication of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel, the sources for the study of the Church Slavonic language were the collection of Klots published by Kopitar and the Freisingen Articles. In the famous Discourse on the Slavonic Language, published in 1820, Vostokov was the first to draw upon the philological data of the Ostromirov Gospel for study and, guided by it, clarified the meaning of yus in the Old Church Slavonic language.

The original Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel, in all likelihood, was of Yugoslav origin. The Russian scribe treated his work with remarkable accuracy; this explains the great consistency of the spelling of the monument, which Gregory tried to preserve; in the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel, the influence of the Russian dialect is hardly noticeable. In view of this, the Ostromir Gospel The Gospel played a paramount role for a long time in discovering the properties of the Old Church Slavonic language; but even now, with the discovery of other modern Ostromir Gospel monuments of the Church Slavonic writing of the so-called "Pannonian edition" (as the Zografsky, Mariinsky Gospels), its significance in philological terms is great. The circumstance that the scribe was very careful about the use of yus, to the inscription unusual for the Russian language pb, l, p, makes us think that not all the features that distinguish the Ostromir Gospel Gospel from other contemporary Old Slavonic monuments can be attributed to Russian influence. Undoubtedly ancient features of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel, which were in its original, include: 1) the preservation of the deaf b And b, which are missed very rarely; 2) use be in 3 units. and plural. numbers in verb conjugation; 3) constant use of epenthetic l (land, approach ). On the other hand, in comparison with the "Pannonian monuments", the Ostromir Gospel is unfamiliar to the Gospel, for example, the use of simple and complex non-thematic aorists. The number of Russianisms in spelling and in the forms of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel is small; here belong: 1) a few errors against the use of us and replacing them through u, u, i; 2) mixing e And ҍ ; 3) use and instead of railway; 4) writing rr, rb and so on.; 5) 3 cases of full agreement, of which two are in the afterword and only one is in the text of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel. The miniatures depicting the apostles most likely belong to the hand of a visiting Greek; they are not pasted, but executed on the same parchment as the Ostromir Gospel itself. The artist adopted and introduced into his images the technique of the so-called inlaid enamel, which was then in exclusive use in Byzantium; perhaps these miniatures are only copies of Byzantine miniatures. The copyist (and not the artist) owns the execution of a number of headpieces and numerous capital letters.

For the first time, on behalf of the Academy of Sciences, the Ostromir Gospel Gospel was published by Vostokov (“The Ostromir Gospel Gospel, with the Greek text of the gospels and grammatical explanations”, St. Petersburg, 1843). Ganka edition (Prague, 1853) scientifically unsatisfactory. There are two facsimile editions by I. Savinkov ("The Ostromir Gospel Gospel stored in the Imperial Public Library", 1st ed., St. Petersburg, 1883; 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1889). The Gospels wrote about the language of the Ostromir Gospel: Vostokov (published in 1843; reprinted in the book Philological Observations by Vostokov, St. Petersburg, 1865); L. I. Sreznevsky, "Ancient Slavic monuments of a new letter" (St. Petersburg, 1868); M. M. Kozlovsky, "Research on the language of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel" (in "Research on the Russian Language", ed. Academy of Sciences, vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1895, and separately, St. Petersburg, 1886); A. A. Shakhmatov and V. N. Shchepkin (additions on the language of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel to Leskin's "Grammar of the Old Slavonic Language", translated from German, M., 1890). About the "Miniatures of the Ostromir Gospel of the Gospel" see Art. K. Hertz in the Chronicles of Russian Literature, 1860, vol. III.

Full description of the manuscript

Editions

1. Ostromir Gospel of 1056 - 57: With the addition of the Greek text and grammatical explanation, published A. Kh. Vostokov. SPb., 1843. [RGB
2. Ganka V. Holy Gospel according to the Ostromir list. Prague, 1853, XXX, 208 S. [mirror]
3. Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057, stored in the Imp. public library. St. Petersburg: Izhd. Savinkov, photolithographer. Ed. M., 1883. Ed. 2nd. SPb., 1889.
4. Ostromir Gospel 1056-1057. Fax playback. L.; M., 1988
5. Ostromiri Gospel // Corpus of Old Slavic Texts from the XIth Century.
6. Aprakos Gospel short "Ostromir Gospel", 1056-1057(RNB, F.p.1.5.), 294 l. [query database "Manuscript" | hip]
7. Initial letters and headpieces from the Ostromirov Gospel [www.ruspismo.net]
   

Literature

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We invite you to familiarize yourself with the manuscript of the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057.

The Ostromir Gospel is a well-preserved manuscript of the middle of the 11th century, a monument of the Russian version of the Old Slavonic language. Until the Novgorod Code was discovered in 2000, it was considered the oldest book created in Rus', i.e. the first monument of the Church Slavonic language of the Russian edition.

Description of the manuscript.

The Aprakos Gospel is written in a large beautiful charter, the size of the letters gradually increases towards the end of the book (from 5 mm to 7 mm). The text is written in two columns, 18 lines each, on an area of ​​about 20x24 cm. cinnabar is used in the text. The manuscript consists of 294 sheets of good quality parchment. There are several sheets with sewn cuts and holes (in the places of gadfly bites), which existed before the text was written.

Creation and dating.

Written by deacon Gregory in 1056-1057. for the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir, who in the inscription of the book is called a “close” (relative) of Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich (according to the hypothesis of Andzhey Poppe, the wife of Ostromir Theophan mentioned in the inscription could be the daughter of Vladimir Svyatoslavich and Anna of Byzantium).

In 1701, the manuscript was mentioned in the inventory of the property of the Resurrection Church as part of the Verkhospassky Cathedral. In 1720, by order of Peter I, the gospel was sent, along with other old books, to St. Petersburg. After the death of Catherine II, the manuscript was found in her chambers by Ya. A. Druzhinin, who served under the Empress, who in 1806 presented it as a gift to Alexander I. The emperor ordered that the book be deposited in the Imperial Public Library (now the Russian National Library, St. Petersburg) where it is kept to this day.
The manuscript was decorated with a binding-salary with precious stones, because of which it almost died: in 1932, a plumber stole it by breaking a shop window. The attacker, tearing off the binding, threw the manuscript into a closet (according to other sources, onto a closet), where it was soon found. They did not rebind. (Material from Wikipedia )

Ostromir Gospel Lesson of the elective course Gospel - a Greek word, translated means "good news" The Ostromir Gospel is one of the oldest manuscripts created in Rus'. This book was copied in 1056-1057 by Deacon Gregory for the Novgorod posadnik (=princely governor) Ostromir, therefore it is called the Ostromir Gospel. The fate of the monument It is assumed that it was kept for several centuries in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod. Then the Ostromir Gospel was named in the inventory of the property of one of the churches of the Moscow Kremlin, compiled in 1701. In 1720, the Ostromir Gospel was sent from Moscow to the new capital of Russia - St. Petersburg. Study of the monument by A. Kh. Vostokov Cyril and Methodius. Miniature in the book Studying the language of the Ostromirov Gospel, the famous Russian scientist A. Kh. Vostokov was the first to express the opinion that the translation of the Gospel text in this monument dates back to the translation of the Slavic first teachers Cyril and Methodius. Further research has confirmed this. Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov first published the Ostromir Gospel in 1843. Components of the Ostromir Gospel The opening page of the text of the Ostromir Gospel is surmounted by a large headband-frame filled with colorful ornaments. According to the ancient rule established back in Byzantium, the book opens with an image of the author; in the Ostromir Gospel, this is the Evangelist John with his disciple. Examples of capital letters "Vedi" and "Rtsy" are shown here. The artistic design of the Ostromir Gospel testifies that in the production of ancient books, the main role belonged to knowledgeable and experienced scribes Tell us about the design features of ancient Russian books Let's read the text of the Lord's Prayer Try to translate what you read. Father (father) Lexical meaning and usage Morphological features Morphemic composition 1. One who has children Male, soulful, 2 cl. Father of the Father 2. Father Heavenly God Sing. Otch-e (ancient vocative form) Stylistic characteristic Church Father is the vocative form of the noun “father”, which is used when referring to God. In the ancient text, it is written under the title, in abbreviation. The word father was used as an honorary name for a clergyman. This word also denoted God the Father and could be used in the phrase "heavenly father", as in the prayer "Our Father" What words in modern Russian come from the word "father"? Historical alternations At the root of the word "otts" - "fathers" there was a reduced vowel "b", which was either in a weak or in a strong position. After the 11th century, the strong reduced "ь" changed to the vowel "e", and was lost in a weak position. So a fluent vowel appeared in the root: father - father. Also in this word there are historical alternations of consonants. The history of the language shows that the soft “h” and “ts” appeared as a result of the softening of the Proto-Slavic hard back-language *k (Proto-Slavic *otьkъ) Thus, in the Russian language there are historical alternations C / Ch (fatherland) k, *x changed into soft hissing zh', ch', sh' before front vowels. As a result of these changes, the alternations G / F, R / C, X / W arose. Think of words with these historical alternations. Debt - debt, book - book, hand - hand over, sin - sinner Bread Lexical meaning and use Morphological features Morphemic composition Stylistic. character 1. Food product baked Male, neodesh., from flour. Rye bread. White 2 cl., only bread sg. bread 2. A flour product in the form of a product of any particular shape. Putting bread in the oven and pl. (pl.) breads 3. Cereal cereal plants. Winter bread in the fields and pl. (pl.) bread-a 4. Livelihood. This work is his bread. Razg. 5. What is necessary for bodily and spiritual existence. Our daily bread Book. "Daily" In the prayer "Our Father" In the modern Russian language, the noun bread, the lexical meaning of the word used in "daily" is defined as the phrase "our bread" having important daily life. The word daily meaning was completely formed by the ancients necessary. scribes when translating This word is combined not only with the Gospel text with the word bread, but also with other Greek words in the words: urgent issue, Slavic. This word can pressing interests, pressing be interpreted as needs. "necessary for what are related words to existence" to the word "essential" can you pick up? “Existing” The words being, being, essence, essence are derived from the ancient forms of the verb “to be”, which was conjugated not only in the past tense, but also in the present, and also formed the present participle “Beings” What historical alternations did you see in these words ? Duty Lexical meaning and usage Morphological features 1. Duty to someone. Fulfill civic duty Male, inanimate, Debt 2 cl., only (offered) in debt-sing. On debt 2. Borrowed, mostly money. Borrow and many others. part 3. Sins. Leave us our debts Morphemic composition Stylistich. coloring Book. Church. What is the meaning of the word "debtor" in the text of the prayer? At the root of the related words debt - debtor, there is an alternation of vowels G / F, which are explained by phonetic changes in the Proto-Slavic norm. Answer the questions: How is the name of the Ostromir Gospel explained? Who prepared the first edition of the Ostromir Gospel? What are the stylistic differences between the phrases "urgent needs" and "our daily bread"? What case form is used to express the appeal in modern Russian, in contrast to the ancient one? In what styles of the modern Russian language is it appropriate to use the word "existing"? Make sentences with this word. Explain the meaning of the expression "bread and salt" in Russian. What is the tradition of hospitality with which the origin of this expression is associated? Working with a dictionary Compare the lexical meanings and usage of the words “kingdom” and “kingdom”, note similarities and differences Determine the meaning and stylistic coloring of the word “this” in modern Russian Find out the meaning and use of the word “amen”. In what sense is it used in the text of the prayer?

This is the first handwritten book of our state that has come down to us. The monument got its name after the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir, a distant relative of Prince Izyaslav, who was the son of the Kyiv prince Yaroslav. Ostromir was the highest official of Novgorod. Subsequently, he was baptized and received the Christian name Joseph.

The author of the Ostromir Gospel, deacon Gregory, began writing it in the autumn of 1056 and finished it in May 1057. Gregory and reported in his afterword about the name of the customer of the manuscript. But even at the first glance at the manuscript, it becomes clear that it could only be ordered to a scribe by a very wealthy person. This is a "festive", rich book, created for an approximate Kievan prince.

The main text of the Ostromir Gospel is written in the same style and handwriting, that is, the handwriting of the calligrapher Deacon Gregory. It was he who chose high-grade, white and thin parchment for the book, it was he who determined the proportions of the margins and text, the size and pattern of the letters of the then only letter - the charter. But the first 23 pages are written in a completely different style. There is no clear explanation for this yet. It is the first pages that are more characteristic of Russian colloquial speech than the entire book, which is more sustained within the framework of the Church Slavonic language. But it is interesting in that it is the first East Slavonic manuscript, that is, it clearly shows the influence of the Russian spoken language on Church Slavonic.

The design of the book impresses with its beauty, brightness of color, amazing ornament. Festiveness” of the book is emphasized by the variety of painted initials of the same letters. So, for example, the initial letter "B" is repeated 135 times, but each of them is different from the others! In addition, the book is supplied with three large miniatures depicting the evangelists John, Luke and Mark. It is believed that these miniatures were painted by a Greek artist, since they were made using the technique of inlaid enamel, which was then used exclusively in Byzantium.

The history of the existence of the book is no less interesting than the book itself. Scientists consider Ostromir the son of the posadnik Konstantin, and he was the son of Dobrynya (that same epic Dobrynya Nikitich!). It is not surprising that Ostromir led the Novgorod militia, which went "to Chud", where the leader was destined to fall in battle for his homeland.

It is assumed that the "Ostromir Gospel" was kept for several centuries in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod. And only at the beginning of the XVIII century there was a mention of it in the inventory of the Resurrection Palace Church of the Moscow Kremlin. In 1720, Peter I ordered to deliver it to the capital. After the death of Peter the book was lost, but, fortunately, did not disappear without a trace. She was found by the personal secretary of Catherine II in her personal belongings, which he sorted out after the death of the Empress. Alexander I ordered to keep it in the Imperial Public Library. The first news about the "Ostromir Gospel" in print appeared in the journal "Lyceum" for 1806. Currently, the book is stored in the Russian National Library named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in St. Petersburg.