Twentieth planet from the sun. Planets of the solar system: their order and history of names

The boundless space that surrounds us is not just a huge airless space and emptiness. Here everything is subject to a single and strict order, everything has its own rules and obeys the laws of physics. Everything is in constant motion and is constantly interconnected with each other. This is a system in which each celestial body has its own specific place. The center of the universe is surrounded by galaxies, among which is our Milky Way. Our galaxy, in turn, is formed by stars, around which large and small planets revolve with their natural satellites. Wandering objects - comets and asteroids - complete the picture of the universal scale.

Our solar system is also located in this endless cluster of stars - a tiny astrophysical object by cosmic standards, which also includes our cosmic home - the planet Earth. For us earthlings, the size of the solar system is colossal and difficult to comprehend. In terms of the scale of the universe, these are tiny numbers - only 180 astronomical units or 2.693e + 10 km. Here, too, everything is subject to its own laws, has its own clearly defined place and sequence.

Brief description and description

The position of the Sun provides the interstellar medium and the stability of the solar system. Its location is an interstellar cloud that is part of the Orion Cygnus arm, which in turn is part of our galaxy. From a scientific point of view, our Sun is located on the periphery, 25 thousand light years from the center of the Milky Way, if we consider the galaxy in the diametrical plane. In turn, the movement of the solar system around the center of our galaxy is carried out in orbit. The full rotation of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way is carried out in different ways, within 225-250 million years and is one galactic year. The orbit of the solar system has an inclination of 600 to the galactic plane. Nearby, in the neighborhood of our system, other stars and other solar systems with their large and small planets run around the center of the galaxy.

The approximate age of the solar system is 4.5 billion years. Like most objects in the universe, our star was formed as a result of the Big Bang. The origin of the solar system is explained by the action of the same laws that have operated and continue to operate today in the field of nuclear physics, thermodynamics and mechanics. First, a star was formed, around which, due to ongoing centripetal and centrifugal processes, the formation of planets began. The sun was formed from a dense collection of gases - a molecular cloud, which was the product of a colossal explosion. As a result of centripetal processes, the molecules of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and other elements were compressed into one continuous and dense mass.

The result of grandiose and such large-scale processes was the formation of a protostar, in the structure of which thermonuclear fusion began. This long process, which began much earlier, we observe today, looking at our Sun after 4.5 billion years from the moment of its formation. The scale of the processes occurring during the formation of a star can be represented by estimating the density, size and mass of our Sun:

• the density is 1.409 g/cm3;
• the volume of the Sun is almost the same figure - 1.40927x1027 m3;
• the mass of the star is 1.9885x1030kg.

Today, our Sun is an ordinary astrophysical object in the Universe, not the smallest star in our galaxy, but far from the largest. The sun is in its mature age, being not only the center of the solar system, but also the main factor in the emergence and existence of life on our planet.

The final structure of the solar system falls on the same period, with a difference of plus or minus half a billion years. The mass of the entire system, where the Sun interacts with other celestial bodies of the Solar System, is 1.0014 M☉. In other words, all the planets, satellites and asteroids, cosmic dust and particles of gases revolving around the Sun, in comparison with the mass of our star, are a drop in the ocean.

In the form in which we have an idea of ​​​​our star and planets revolving around the Sun - this is a simplified version. For the first time, a mechanical heliocentric model of the solar system with a clockwork was presented to the scientific community in 1704. It should be borne in mind that the orbits of the planets of the solar system do not all lie in the same plane. They rotate around at a certain angle.

The model of the solar system was created on the basis of a simpler and more ancient mechanism - tellurium, with the help of which the position and movement of the Earth in relation to the Sun was modeled. With the help of tellurium, it was possible to explain the principle of the movement of our planet around the Sun, to calculate the duration of the earth's year.

The simplest model of the solar system is presented in school textbooks, where each of the planets and other celestial bodies occupy a certain place. In this case, it should be taken into account that the orbits of all objects revolving around the Sun are located at different angles to the diametrical plane of the Solar System. The planets of the solar system are located at different distances from the sun, rotate at different speeds and rotate around their own axis in different ways.

A map - a diagram of the solar system - is a drawing where all objects are located in the same plane. In this case, such an image gives an idea only of the size of celestial bodies and the distances between them. Thanks to this interpretation, it became possible to understand the location of our planet in a number of other planets, to assess the scale of celestial bodies and to give an idea of ​​the vast distances that separate us from our celestial neighbors.

Planets and other objects of the solar system

Almost the entire universe is a myriad of stars, among which there are large and small solar systems. The presence of a star of its satellite planets is a common phenomenon in space. The laws of physics are the same everywhere, and our solar system is no exception.

If you ask yourself how many planets there were in the solar system and how many there are today, it is quite difficult to answer unambiguously. Currently, the exact location of 8 major planets is known. In addition, 5 small dwarf planets revolve around the Sun. The existence of a ninth planet is currently disputed in scientific circles.

The entire solar system is divided into groups of planets, which are arranged in the following order:

Terrestrial planets:

• Mercury;
• Venus;
• Mars.

Gas planets - giants:

• Jupiter;
• Saturn;
• Uranus;
• Neptune.

All the planets presented in the list differ in structure, have different astrophysical parameters. Which planet is larger or smaller than the others? The sizes of the planets of the solar system are different. The first four objects, similar in structure to the Earth, have a solid stone surface and are endowed with an atmosphere. Mercury, Venus and Earth are the inner planets. Mars closes this group. It is followed by the gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - dense, spherical gas formations.

The process of life of the planets of the solar system does not stop for a second. Those planets that we see today in the sky are the arrangement of celestial bodies that the planetary system of our star has at the current moment. The state that was at the dawn of the formation of the solar system is strikingly different from what is studied today.

The table shows the astrophysical parameters of modern planets, which also indicates the distance of the planets of the solar system to the sun.

The existing planets of the solar system are about the same age, but there are theories that there were more planets in the beginning. This is evidenced by numerous ancient myths and legends describing the presence of other astrophysical objects and catastrophes that led to the death of the planet. This is confirmed by the structure of our star system, where, along with the planets, there are objects that are products of violent cosmic cataclysms.

A striking example of such activity is the asteroid belt located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Here, objects of extraterrestrial origin are concentrated in a huge number, mainly represented by asteroids and small planets. It is these fragments of irregular shape in human culture that are considered the remains of the protoplanet Phaeton, which died billions of years ago as a result of a large-scale cataclysm.

In fact, there is an opinion in scientific circles that the asteroid belt was formed as a result of the destruction of a comet. Astronomers have discovered the presence of water on the large asteroid Themis and on the minor planets Ceres and Vesta, which are the largest objects in the asteroid belt. The ice found on the surface of asteroids may indicate the cometary nature of the formation of these cosmic bodies.

Previously, Pluto, belonging to the number of large planets, is not considered a full-fledged planet today.

Pluto, which was previously ranked among the large planets of the solar system, is now translated into the size of dwarf celestial bodies revolving around the sun. Pluto, along with Haumea and Makemake, the largest dwarf planets, is in the Kuiper Belt.

These dwarf planets of the solar system are located in the Kuiper belt. The region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud is the most distant from the Sun, but even there space is not empty. In 2005, the most distant celestial body in our solar system, the dwarf planet Eridu, was discovered there. The process of exploring the most distant regions of our solar system continues. The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud are hypothetically the boundary regions of our star system, the visible boundary. This cloud of gas is located at a distance of one light year from the Sun and is the area where comets, wandering satellites of our star, are born.

Characteristics of the planets of the solar system

The terrestrial group of planets is represented by the planets closest to the Sun - Mercury and Venus. These two cosmic bodies of the solar system, despite the similarity in physical structure with our planet, are a hostile environment for us. Mercury is the smallest planet in our star system and is closest to the Sun. The heat of our star literally incinerates the surface of the planet, practically destroying the atmosphere on it. The distance from the surface of the planet to the Sun is 57,910,000 km. In size, only 5 thousand km in diameter, Mercury is inferior to most of the large satellites that are dominated by Jupiter and Saturn.

Saturn's satellite Titan has a diameter of over 5,000 km, Jupiter's satellite Ganymede has a diameter of 5265 km. Both satellites are second only to Mars in size.

The very first planet rushes around our star at great speed, making a complete revolution around our star in 88 Earth days. It is almost impossible to notice this small and nimble planet in the starry sky due to the close presence of the solar disk. Among the terrestrial planets, it is on Mercury that the largest daily temperature drops are observed. While the surface of the planet, facing the Sun, is heated up to 700 degrees Celsius, the reverse side of the planet is immersed in universal cold with temperatures up to -200 degrees.

The main difference between Mercury and all the planets of the solar system is its internal structure. Mercury has the largest iron-nickel inner core, which accounts for 83% of the mass of the entire planet. However, even the uncharacteristic quality did not allow Mercury to have its own natural satellites.

Next to Mercury is the closest planet to us, Venus. The distance from Earth to Venus is 38 million km, and it is very similar to our Earth. The planet has almost the same diameter and mass, slightly inferior in these parameters to our planet. However, in all other respects, our neighbor is fundamentally different from our space home. The period of revolution of Venus around the Sun is 116 Earth days, and the planet rotates extremely slowly around its own axis. The average temperature of the surface of Venus rotating around its axis for 224 Earth days is 447 degrees Celsius.

Like its predecessor, Venus is devoid of the physical conditions conducive to the existence of known life forms. The planet is surrounded by a dense atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Both Mercury and Venus are the only planets in the solar system that do not have natural satellites.

The Earth is the last of the inner planets of the solar system, located at a distance of about 150 million km from the Sun. Our planet makes one revolution around the sun in 365 days. It rotates around its own axis in 23.94 hours. The Earth is the first of the celestial bodies, located on the way from the Sun to the periphery, which has a natural satellite.

Digression: The astrophysical parameters of our planet are well studied and known. Earth is the largest and densest planet of all the other inner planets in the solar system. It is here that natural physical conditions have been preserved under which the existence of water is possible. Our planet has a stable magnetic field that holds the atmosphere. Earth is the most well-studied planet. The subsequent study is mainly of not only theoretical interest, but also practical.

Closes the parade of planets of the terrestrial group Mars. The subsequent study of this planet is mainly not only of theoretical interest, but also of practical interest, connected with the development of extraterrestrial worlds by man. Astrophysicists are attracted not only by the relative proximity of this planet to the Earth (on average 225 million km), but also by the absence of difficult climatic conditions. The planet is surrounded by an atmosphere, although it is in an extremely rarefied state, it has its own magnetic field and temperature drops on the surface of Mars are not as critical as on Mercury and Venus.

Like the Earth, Mars has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos, the natural nature of which has recently been questioned. Mars is the last fourth planet with a solid surface in the solar system. Following the asteroid belt, which is a kind of inner boundary of the solar system, the realm of gas giants begins.

The largest cosmic celestial bodies in our solar system

The second group of planets that make up the system of our star has bright and large representatives. These are the largest objects in our solar system and are considered outer planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the most distant from our star, and their astrophysical parameters are enormous by earthly standards. These celestial bodies differ in their massiveness and composition, which is mainly of a gas nature.

The main beauties of the solar system are Jupiter and Saturn. The total mass of this pair of giants would be enough to fit in it the mass of all known celestial bodies in the solar system. So Jupiter - the largest planet in the solar system - weighs 1876.64328 1024 kg, and the mass of Saturn is 561.80376 1024 kg. These planets have the most natural satellites. Some of them, Titan, Ganymede, Callisto and Io, are the largest satellites in the solar system and are comparable in size to the terrestrial planets.

The largest planet in the solar system - Jupiter - has a diameter of 140 thousand km. In many respects, Jupiter is more like a failed star - a vivid example of the existence of a small solar system. This is evidenced by the size of the planet and astrophysical parameters - Jupiter is only 10 times smaller than our star. The planet rotates around its own axis quite quickly - only 10 Earth hours. The number of satellites, of which 67 pieces have been identified to date, is also striking. The behavior of Jupiter and its moons is very similar to the model of the solar system. Such a number of natural satellites for one planet raises a new question, how many planets of the solar system were at an early stage of its formation. It is assumed that Jupiter, having a powerful magnetic field, turned some of the planets into its natural satellites. Some of them - Titan, Ganymede, Callisto and Io - are the largest satellites of the solar system and are comparable in size to the terrestrial planets.

Slightly inferior in size to Jupiter is its smaller brother, the gas giant Saturn. This planet, like Jupiter, consists mainly of hydrogen and helium - gases that are the basis of our star. With its size, the diameter of the planet is 57 thousand km, Saturn also resembles a protostar that has stopped in its development. The number of satellites of Saturn is slightly inferior to the number of satellites of Jupiter - 62 versus 67. On the satellite of Saturn, Titan, as well as on Io, the satellite of Jupiter, there is an atmosphere.

In other words, the largest planets Jupiter and Saturn, with their systems of natural satellites, strongly resemble small solar systems, with their clearly defined center and system of movement of celestial bodies.

The two gas giants are followed by cold and dark worlds, the planets Uranus and Neptune. These celestial bodies are located at a distance of 2.8 billion km and 4.49 billion km. from the Sun, respectively. Due to their great distance from our planet, Uranus and Neptune were discovered relatively recently. Unlike the other two gas giants, Uranus and Neptune have a large amount of frozen gases - hydrogen, ammonia and methane. These two planets are also called ice giants. Uranus is smaller than Jupiter and Saturn and is the third largest planet in the solar system. The planet represents the cold pole of our star system. The average temperature on the surface of Uranus is -224 degrees Celsius. Uranus differs from other celestial bodies revolving around the Sun by a strong inclination of its own axis. The planet seems to be rolling, revolving around our star.

Like Saturn, Uranus is surrounded by a hydrogen-helium atmosphere. Neptune, unlike Uranus, has a different composition. The presence of methane in the atmosphere is indicated by the blue color of the spectrum of the planet.

Both planets slowly and majestically move around our star. Uranus orbits the Sun in 84 Earth years, and Neptune circles our star twice as long - 164 Earth years.

Finally

Our solar system is a huge mechanism in which every planet, all the satellites of the solar system, asteroids and other celestial bodies move along a clearly defined route. The laws of astrophysics operate here, which have not changed for 4.5 billion years. Dwarf planets move along the outer edges of our solar system in the Kuiper belt. Comets are frequent guests of our star system. These space objects with a frequency of 20-150 years visit the inner regions of the solar system, flying in the visibility zone from our planet.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

solar system- these are 8 planets and more than 63 of their satellites, which are being discovered more and more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their clear directed trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all the bodies in the solar system combined. The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star around which planets revolve in orbits. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are currently 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system. Briefly, in order of distance from the sun, we list them all. And now some definitions.

Planet- this is a celestial body that must satisfy four conditions:
1. the body must revolve around a star (for example, around the Sun);
2. the body must have sufficient gravity to have a spherical or close to it shape;
3. the body should not have other large bodies near its orbit;
4. the body should not be a star

Planet satellites. The solar system also includes the Moon and the natural satellites of other planets, which all of them have, except for Mercury and Venus. More than 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets were discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. Jupiter's smallest moon, Leda, is only 10 km across.

More like the Earth in size and brightness. Observation of it is difficult because of the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert. Period of revolution around the Sun: 224.7 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.

Due to the similarity with the Earth, it was believed that life exists here. But the spacecraft that landed on the surface of Mars found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order. Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (rotation around the axis): 24 hours 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: -23 degrees (average).
Atmosphere of the planet: rarefied, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 2.
Main moons in order: Phobos, Deimos.

This is the number 2 largest of the planets in the solar system. Saturn draws attention to itself thanks to a system of rings formed from ice, rocks and dust that orbit the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters. The period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120536 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 10 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: -180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titan.

At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place by the method of mathematical calculations, and then they saw it through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew by. He took amazing photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton. The period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50538 km.
Rotation period (turn around the axis): 16 hours 7 minutes.
Surface temperature: -220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: mostly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main moons: Triton.

How did the planets appear? Approximately 5-6 billion years ago, one of the gas and dust clouds of our large Galaxy (the Milky Way), which has the shape of a disk, began to shrink towards the center, gradually forming the current Sun. Further, according to one of the theories, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of dust and gas particles rotating around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. According to another theory, the gas and dust cloud immediately broke up into separate clusters of particles, which compressed and condensed, forming the current planets. Now 8 planets revolve around the sun constantly.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The solar system is a collection of planets revolving around the Sun in orbits, the Sun and a number of other celestial bodies of smaller sizes.

The composition includes only natural objects that make a revolution around a star or any planet. Of course, satellites launched from Earth are not among them.

But let's take a closer look at what the solar system is and what its structure is. Let's find out what small and large bodies form it. Which is the largest planet and which is the smallest. Let's list them all in order, look at it and the layouts.

Planets of the solar system

You can read about the sun itself (the central star of the system) at the link above or briefly read the information on it at the bottom of this article. Of the interesting facts, we can add that the mass of the sun is 99.86% of the mass of the entire solar system, which indicates its undeniable importance.

How many planets are in the solar system and their order

The next largest bodies after the Sun are the planets. How many planets are in the solar system? Until recently, it was believed that 9 planets revolve around our star:

For children, there are special models or drawings of the solar system to help them understand what it means to rotate around the Sun, such as the model pictured above.

The largest and smallest planet in the solar system

Is Pluto a planet or not?

Pluto recognized as the smallest planet in the solar system. However, recently there have been many questions about whether it is correct to consider Pluto a planet. Why? Here are some facts that reason to doubt in whether this object can be called a planet:

1. The mass of Pluto is less than the mass of the Moon - the satellite of the Earth. It is not enough for Pluto to clear space in orbit from other bodies. The orbit of Pluto is inhabited by many objects that have the same composition.
2. Detection beyond the orbit of Pluto of a body with a large mass and . This object is called Eris.
3. The center of mass of the Pluto-Charon system (Charon is a satellite) lies outside these two bodies.

Much became clear after detailed studies of the Kuiper belt. It consists of many ice objects with a diameter of 100 km. Pluto itself has a diameter of 2400 km.

After a series of similar discoveries, astronomers faced the task of redefining the concept of a planet.

One of the requirements was that the planet must be able clear the space around its orbit. This is what caused Pluto to be excluded from the list of planets and given the name of a dwarf planet.

Terrestrial planets including the smallest

The planets of the solar system revolve in orbits. The first 4 in order of the planets of the solar system are summarized as a terrestrial group:

1. Mercury - this is the smallest and the planet closest to the star. The period of its rotation around the star takes 88 days.
2. Venus. It rotates around its axis in the opposite direction relative to its orbital motion. Another such planet is Uranus. Venus is the hottest planet. The temperature of the atmosphere reaches +470°C.
3. Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the solar system. It has the largest density and diameter in its group. There is free oxygen in the atmosphere here. The Earth has one natural satellite - the Moon.
4. Mars. The atmosphere of the fourth planet consists of carbon dioxide. Due to the presence of iron oxide in the soil, the planet has a reddish hue.

Giant planets including the largest

The four terrestrial planets are followed by the giant planets of the solar system:

1. Jupiter - the largest planet. Its mass is 318 times the mass of our planet. It consists of H (hydrogen) and He (helium), has many satellites, one of which is larger than even Mercury.
2. Saturn. He is known to us thanks to his rings. The planet has many satellites.
3. Uranus. This planet has the smallest mass among the giants. It differs in that the angle of inclination of its axis to the plane is almost 100°. Therefore, we can say about this planet that it does not so much rotate as it rolls along its orbit.
4. Neptune. The rotation period is 248 years. It is the last planet, but far from the last body in the solar system.

The photo above shows the planets of the solar system and the actual ratio of their sizes.

Small bodies of the solar system

These are small bodies that make a revolution around our star. Most often they do not have a spherical shape, but look like stone blocks. They have. Asteroids may have satellites. They are not included in the solar system model.

After the orbit of the fourth planet is the asteroid belt. It ends before the orbit of the fifth planet - Jupiter. Asteroids are the most common small bodies in the solar system. Their sizes can vary from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers. Although they are much smaller than planets, such bodies can have satellites.

In addition to the asteroid belt, there are other asteroids. The paths of some of these bodies intersect with the orbit of our planet. However, we can not worry that the movement of the asteroid will disturb the alignment of the planets in the solar system.

dwarf planets

A number of asteroids that have a large mass and diameter began to be classified as dwarf planets. Among them:

1. Ceres.
2. Pluto (formerly considered a planet).
3. Eris (located beyond Pluto).

This is a celestial luminous object with a pronounced head and tail. The brightness of a comet is directly related to its distance from the Sun.

The comet consists of the following parts:

1. Nucleus. It contains almost the entire weight of the comet.
2. Coma is a foggy shell around the nucleus.
3. Tail. It is located in the opposite direction from the Sun.

One of the famous comets is Halley's Comet. It moves closer to the sun, then moves away from it. The comet's head is made up of frozen water, metal particles, and various compounds. The diameter of the nucleus of this comet is 10 km. The period of passage of the orbit (ellipse) is about 75 years.

The point in the orbit at which the body is as close as possible to the Star is called perihelion, and the opposite (farthest) is called aphelion.

meteorites

These are relatively small bodies that fall on the surface of other celestial objects of larger size. can be iron, stone or iron-stone. About 2,000 tons of meteorites fall on the surface of our planet every year. Some have a mass of several grams, while others have a mass of several tens of tons. For example, the Tunguska meteorite that fell to Earth in 1908 knocked down forests.

The exploration of our solar system will continue for many more years, so for sure in the future we will become aware of all the new facts and information about planets, comets, asteroids and other cosmic bodies.

The sun is the star of the solar system

The sun belongs to a group of stars called "yellow dwarfs". Yellow stars are those whose surface temperatures range from 5,000 to 7,500 K.

Structure of the Sun

Considering the structure of the solar system, it is worth starting from its center, namely from the center of the Sun. The luminary can be divided into several layers:

1. Nucleus. Hydrogen atoms break apart in the depths, which is accompanied by the release of enormous energy. There also occurs the fusion of protons and neutrons into the nuclei of helium atoms. In the core, the temperature reaches 15 million K, which is 2.5 times higher than on the surface. The core extends for 173 thousand km from the center of the Sun, which is about 20% of the star.
2. radiation zone. In it, the photons emitted by the nucleus wander for about 200 thousand years and lose their energy due to collisions with plasma particles.
3. convective zone. It looks like a boiling mass, in which particles constantly rise to the surface, located on the border of the radiation and convective zones. Here, the path of particles to the surface of the star takes much less time than the duration of processes in the radiation zone. The convective zone extends from 70% and almost to the surface of the star.
4. Photosphere. It has an extremely small thickness - only 100 km (compared to the size of the Sun - this is really not much). This is the visible surface of the sun.
5. The chromosphere is a heterogeneous layer of the solar atmosphere, which is located directly above the photosphere. Here the temperature increases from 6,000 K to 20,000 K.
6. The corona is the outer layer of the atmosphere. Due to the fact that its brightness is much less than that of a star, the corona is not visible to the naked eye (without additional equipment, it is visible only during eclipses). The temperature here is the highest in the entire solar system - 1,000,000 K.

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The number of galaxies in the universe is largely unknown to humans, with astronomers speculating that there could be an infinite number of them. In our galaxy, the Milky Way, scientists estimate that there are about 100 billion planets, most of which are in the orbit of stars. In the recent past, astronomers have discovered hundreds of planets in our galaxy, some of which exhibit characteristics of our Earth, suggesting that they are capable of supporting life. Our solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets and their moons (satellites), as well as various small cosmic bodies. The solar system included nine planets for a long time, until Pluto was stripped of this rank in 2006, as it did not meet the necessary criteria. Pluto has been found to be part of a group of six space objects that orbit the Kuiper belt and is not the largest of them.

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Mercury

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun; it is also the smallest of all eight planets. Within 88 days, Mercury completes a full revolution around the Sun. It is a rocky planet with an equatorial radius of 2439.7±1.0 km and a density of 5427 g/cm³, making it the second densest planet in the solar system. Mercury has no atmosphere and temperatures range from 448º C during the day to -170º C during the night. Its orbit is oval and is one of the planets that can be seen from Earth.

Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It makes a full revolution within 224.7 days, and the period of rotation around its axis is about 243 days (this is the slowest rotation of all the planets in the solar system). Venus is the hottest planet with a surface temperature of around 467º C as its atmosphere is dense and holds heat well. It is very bright in the morning and evening, making it highly visible in certain regions of the Earth. It is the closest planet to us, and also the first one visited by an earth probe (Mariner 2) in 1962. The dense hot atmosphere makes Venus inaccessible to humans.

Earth

Planet Earth is home to humans and is believed to be the only planet known to have life. It completes a revolution around the Sun in 365.256 days, covering a distance of about 940 million km. The Earth is located about 150 million km from the Sun and is the third planet in our system; according to scientists, its formation began 4.54 billion years ago. The total area of ​​the Earth is more than 510 million km², 71% of which is covered by water, and the remaining 29% belongs to land. Earth's atmosphere protects life from outer space, harmful radiation and controls the weather. It is the densest planet in the solar system.

Mars

Mars, also known as the "red planet", is the fourth planet in our solar system and the second smallest. It has a solid surface like Earth, but its atmosphere is relatively thin. Mars is half the size of the Earth and is on average 228 million km from the Sun; it completes an orbit around the Sun in 779.96 days. It is clearly visible from Earth at night due to its bright surface. Liquid water is not found on the surface of the planet due to low atmospheric pressure. Researchers are studying the possibility of life on Mars. Scientists believe that the ice caps at the planet's poles are water, and the ice at the south pole could fill the planet's surface to a depth of 11 meters if melted.

Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet in the solar system. Its mass is 2.5 times the total mass of other planets. Jupiter is a gaseous planet with no solid surface, although researchers believe its core is solid. It has a diameter of 142,984 km at the equator and is so large that it can contain all the planets in the solar system or 1,300 earths. It is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's atmosphere is dense, with winds averaging 550 kilometers per hour, twice the speed of a Category 5 hurricane on Earth. The planet has three rings of dust particles, but they are hard to see. It takes Jupiter 12 Earth years to make a complete revolution around the Sun.

Saturn

Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter and the sixth largest in the solar system. It is a gas giant, just like Jupiter, but with nine continuous rings. Saturn is considered the most beautiful planet in our system and is made up of hydrogen and helium. Its diameter is nine times that of the Earth, its volume is comparable to that of 763.5 Earths, and its surface is 83 Earths. However, Saturn's mass is only one-eighth that of our planet. Saturn has almost 150 moons, 53 of which have been named, 62 have been identified as having orbits, and the rest of the moons are in the planet's rings.

Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet and the third largest in the solar system. Its surface is composed of frozen matter and therefore it is considered an ice giant. However, Uranus' atmosphere also contains hydrogen and helium, along with other "ices" such as methane, ammonia, and water. Although it is not the most distant planet from the Sun, it is one of the coldest with atmospheric temperatures reaching -224 C, being the only planet in the solar system that does not generate heat from its core. The average distance of Uranus from the Sun is about 2.8 billion km.

Neptune

Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun. At first it was thought to be a fixed star by Galileo, who used mathematical predictions to find it rather than the usual telescope method. The average distance from Neptune to the Sun is 4.5 billion km, and a complete revolution around our star takes 164.8 years. Neptune completed its first orbit in 2011, since it was discovered in 1846. It has 14 known moons, the largest of which is Triton. The atmosphere is dominated by hydrogen and helium. It is the windiest planet in the solar system, with an average wind speed nine times that of Earth. NASA recently discovered that Neptune has rivers and lakes of liquid methane.

The solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago. This happened as a result of explosions of stars and the formation of a cloud of dust and gases. Subsequently, as the dust particles moved, the star Sun and the rest of the planets of its system arose.

Until 2006, scientists counted nine planets revolving around the Sun, but after that they excluded Pluto from this list, classifying it as a dwarf planet.

So, you and I know eight planets of the solar system, each of which, revolving around the Sun, has its own light year.

Here is the list of planets:

• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Neptune

How can we remember these planets so that we know their exact names and sequence one after another? To do this, I suggest that you apply memorization techniques that will help you remember this type of information effectively.

Creation of images on the planets of the solar system

To get started, come up with image-pictures in your imagination for each of these planets. It can be your personal associations or consonant images.

Well, in this article I present to your attention my own images on the planet:

• Mercury- MERcedes + CHICKEN, I imagine how a chicken sits behind the wheel of a Mercedes;
• Venus- the statue "Venus de Milo";
• Earth- green lawn;
• Mars- chocolate "Mars";
• Jupiter- motorcycle "Jupiter";
• Saturn– Garden with ballot boxes;
• Uranus- Hurricane;
• Neptune- trident.

Memorizing the order of the planets

Now that we have our associations for each planet, we need to memorize their sequence, starting from the Sun. This can be done in several ways. Below I describe each of them.

Method "Unusual story"

We need to come up with a story in which we will connect our images with an unusual plot consistently with each other. For example, it might look like this:

A Mercedes with a chicken at the wheel crashed into a statue of Venus de Milo, which in turn fell onto a green lawn, and Mars chocolates grow on this lawn. Motorcycles "Jupiter" crawl out of chocolates, which drive around the garden with urns. In this garden, a strong hurricane is constantly blowing, which only a trident can stop.

Chain method

Link these images sequentially to each other, clearly fixing the connection between them. Remember that this connection must be unusual. Here's what my rendered image chain looks like:

A statue of the Venus de Milo protrudes from the hood of a Mercedes driven by a chicken. Her head falls off and falls onto the green lawn. Mars chocolates graze on this lawn, a Jupiter motorcycle sticks out of the chocolate wrapper, the front wheel of which skids through the garden with trash cans. A hurricane blows from this garden and blows away the trident.

I suggest you watch the video "How to link images?":

Using these two methods, you will know how the planets are arranged in turn, but you will not be able to immediately name the serial number of any planet. In order to memorize not only the sequence of the planets in the solar system, but also the serial numbers of the planets, you should use one of the following methods.

Method "Locations"

Here, use your locations according to the "Cottage" or "Towns" method, having previously determined their numbering.

Unsubscribe in the comments, which of the described methods of memorization is closer to you? Share this information with your friends, develop your memory and ask questions about memorization techniques!